Anatomical position, planes, movement, etc Flashcards by Asami Yumibe

What is regional anatomy?

Approach to studying human anatomy by organizing the body into parts (head, neck, trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis/perineum, and back), and paired upper limbs

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What is systemic anatomy?

Approach to anatomical study organized by organ systems that work together to carry out basic physiological activities

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What is clinical anatomy?

Integrates knowledge of the regional and systemic approaches into the clinical practice (conduct a complete physical examination)

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What is functional anatomy?

Use of basic structural anatomy composition to develop an understanding of functionality of the structures in the musculoskeletal system

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Describe the anatomical position

-Standing erect
- Head, eyes (gaze), and toes facing forward
- Upper limbs by the sides with palms facing anteriorly
- Lower limbs close together with feet parallel and toes directed anteriorly

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Describe the median plane

Vertical plane passing longitudinally through the center of the body, dividing it into left and right portions

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Describe the sagittal planes

Vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane

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Describe the frontal planes

Vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing it into anterior and posterior portions

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Describe the transverse planes

Horizontal plane passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing it into superior and inferior portions

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Describe the oblique planes

Planes that don’t align with any of the other plane

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Superficial

Nearer to surface

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Intermediate

Between a superficial and deep structures

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Deep

Farther from surface

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Medial

Nearer to median plane

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Lateral

Farther from median plane

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Posteior

Nearer to back

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Inferior

Nearer to feet

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Nearer to front

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Distal

Farther from trunk or p.origin

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Proximal

Nearer to trunk or p.origin

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Superior

Nearer the head

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Palmar

Anterior hand (palm)

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Dorsal

Posterior hand (dorsum)

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Plantar

Inferior foot surface (sole)

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Inferomedial

Nearer to the feet and closer to the median plane

Superolateral

Nearer the head and farther from median plane

Bilateral

Paired structures with right and left members

Ipsilateral

Those occurring on the same side

Contralateral

Occuring at opposite sides of the body

Extension

Place arm, trunk, leg posteriorly; displace crus anteriorly (place it back in the floor)

Flexion

Place arm, trunk, leg anteriorly; displace crus posteriorly (elevate)

Supination

Palm facing upwards

Pronation

Palm facing downwards

Dorsiflexion

Moving foot upwards

Plantarflexion

Moving foot downwards

Eversion

Turn footsole away from the median

Inversion

Turn footsole towards the median

Lateral (external) rotation

Turn away from the median

Medial (internal) rotation

Turn towards the median

Circumduction

Circular movement

Abduction

Away from midline

Adduction

Towards midline

Lateral bending

Laterally flex the trunk

Elevation

Rise shoulders

Depression

Push shoulders downwards

Protraction

Push shoulders forward

Retraction

Pull shoulders backwards

Protrusion

Jaw outwards

Retrusion

Jaw inwards

Opposition

Place thumb on the opposite side from where it originally is (thumb to pinky)

Reposition

Put thumb back where it belongs in anatomical position

What composes the axial skeleton?

Bones of: head (cranium), neck (cervical vertebrae), and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum)

What composes the appendicular skeleton?

Bones of: limbs (including those forming pectoral (clavicle and scapula) and pelvic girdles (hip bones and sacrum)

How are fibrous joints united?

By fibrous tissue

Movement of fibrous joints

Although some are slightly movable, most of them are immobile

Types of fibrous joints

Syndesmosis and gomphosis

How are cartilaginous joints united?

Hyaline cartilage (primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)) or fibrocartilage (secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses))

Movement of cartilaginous joints

Slightly movable (more than fibrous, less than synovial)

Types of cartilaginous joints

Synchondroses and symphyses

How are synovial joints united?

Joint capsule (fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane)

Movement of synovial joints

Free movement

Shape and movement of pivot joints

Rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket; allowing rotation

Shape and movement of ball and socket joints

Rounded head fits into concavity, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction

Shape and movement of plane joints

2 mirrored plane plates of bone, permits gliding and sliding

Shape and movement of hinge joints

Cylindrical end fits into a half hollow cylindrical opposite end, allows flexion and extension

Shape and movement of saddle joints

Saddle-shaped heads bind one on top of the other by being at a 90º in relation to the other, allow extension, flexion, adduction, and abduction

Shape and movement of condyloid joints

Shape and types of pennate muscles

Feather-like in arrangement of fascicles - Unipennate → fibers run obliquely and insert into a tendon unilaterally - Bipennate → fibers run obliquely and in a 90º to one another; insert into a central tendon bilaterally - Multipennate → multiple bipennate and unipennate muscles converge into a common major tendon

Shape of fusiform muscles

Spindle-shaped (round, thick belly, and tapered ends)

Shape of parallel muscles

Fascicles lie parallel to long axis of muscle

Shape of convergent muscles

Have a broad attachment from which fascicles converge to a single tendon

Shape of circular muscles

Surround a body opening or orifice, constricting it when contracted

Shape of digastric muscles

Feature two bellies in series, sharing a common intermediate tendon