Anatomical position, planes, movement, etc Flashcards
What is regional anatomy?
Approach to studying human anatomy by organizing the body into parts (head, neck, trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis/perineum, and back), and paired upper limbs
What is systemic anatomy?
Approach to anatomical study organized by organ systems that work together to carry out basic physiological activities
What is clinical anatomy?
Integrates knowledge of the regional and systemic approaches into the clinical practice (conduct a complete physical examination)
What is functional anatomy?
Use of basic structural anatomy composition to develop an understanding of functionality of the structures in the musculoskeletal system
Describe the anatomical position
-Standing erect
- Head, eyes (gaze), and toes facing forward
- Upper limbs by the sides with palms facing anteriorly
- Lower limbs close together with feet parallel and toes directed anteriorly
Describe the median plane
Vertical plane passing longitudinally through the center of the body, dividing it into left and right portions
Describe the sagittal planes
Vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane
Describe the frontal planes
Vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing it into anterior and posterior portions
Describe the transverse planes
Horizontal plane passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing it into superior and inferior portions
Describe the oblique planes
Planes that don’t align with any of the other plane
Superficial
Nearer to surface
Intermediate
Between a superficial and deep structures
Deep
Farther from surface
Medial
Nearer to median plane
Lateral
Farther from median plane
Posteior
Nearer to back
Inferior
Nearer to feet
Anterior
Nearer to front
Distal
Farther from trunk or p.origin
Proximal
Nearer to trunk or p.origin
Superior
Nearer the head
Palmar
Anterior hand (palm)
Dorsal
Posterior hand (dorsum)
Plantar
Inferior foot surface (sole)
Inferomedial
Nearer to the feet and closer to the median plane
Superolateral
Nearer the head and farther from median plane
Bilateral
Paired structures with right and left members
Ipsilateral
Those occurring on the same side
Contralateral
Occuring at opposite sides of the body
Extension
Place arm, trunk, leg posteriorly; displace crus anteriorly (place it back in the floor)
Flexion
Place arm, trunk, leg anteriorly; displace crus posteriorly (elevate)
Supination
Palm facing upwards
Pronation
Palm facing downwards
Dorsiflexion
Moving foot upwards
Plantarflexion
Moving foot downwards
Eversion
Turn footsole away from the median
Inversion
Turn footsole towards the median
Lateral (external) rotation
Turn away from the median
Medial (internal) rotation
Turn towards the median
Circumduction
Circular movement
Abduction
Away from midline
Adduction
Towards midline
Lateral bending
Laterally flex the trunk
Elevation
Rise shoulders
Depression
Push shoulders downwards
Protraction
Push shoulders forward
Retraction
Pull shoulders backwards
Protrusion
Jaw outwards
Retrusion
Jaw inwards
Opposition
Place thumb on the opposite side from where it originally is (thumb to pinky)
Reposition
Put thumb back where it belongs in anatomical position
What composes the axial skeleton?
Bones of: head (cranium), neck (cervical vertebrae), and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum)
What composes the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of: limbs (including those forming pectoral (clavicle and scapula) and pelvic girdles (hip bones and sacrum)
How are fibrous joints united?
By fibrous tissue
Movement of fibrous joints
Although some are slightly movable, most of them are immobile
Types of fibrous joints
Syndesmosis and gomphosis
How are cartilaginous joints united?
Hyaline cartilage (primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)) or fibrocartilage (secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses))
Movement of cartilaginous joints
Slightly movable (more than fibrous, less than synovial)
Types of cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses and symphyses
How are synovial joints united?
Joint capsule (fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane)
Movement of synovial joints
Free movement
Shape and movement of pivot joints
Rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket; allowing rotation
Shape and movement of ball and socket joints
Rounded head fits into concavity, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction
Shape and movement of plane joints
2 mirrored plane plates of bone, permits gliding and sliding
Shape and movement of hinge joints
Cylindrical end fits into a half hollow cylindrical opposite end, allows flexion and extension
Shape and movement of saddle joints
Saddle-shaped heads bind one on top of the other by being at a 90º in relation to the other, allow extension, flexion, adduction, and abduction
Shape and movement of condyloid joints
Shape and types of pennate muscles
Feather-like in arrangement of fascicles
- Unipennate → fibers run obliquely and insert into a tendon unilaterally
- Bipennate → fibers run obliquely and in a 90º to one another; insert into a central tendon bilaterally
- Multipennate → multiple bipennate and unipennate muscles converge into a common major tendon
Shape of fusiform muscles
Spindle-shaped (round, thick belly, and tapered ends)
Shape of parallel muscles
Fascicles lie parallel to long axis of muscle
Shape of convergent muscles
Have a broad attachment from which fascicles converge to a single tendon
Shape of circular muscles
Surround a body opening or orifice, constricting it when contracted
Shape of digastric muscles
Feature two bellies in series, sharing a common intermediate tendon
