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OCTS 3704 > Anatomical Pathology > Flashcards

Anatomical Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

define healing

A

situation where tissue returns to more or less its original state after damage

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2
Q

define repair

A

situation where damaged tissue is repaired by fibrous connective tissue (scar formation)

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3
Q

what is repair influenced by?

A

local factors:
- inflammation
- poor mobilization
- foreign bodies/ excessive blood clots
- hypoxia
systemic factors
- malnutrition
- malignancy
- age
- smoking
- diabetes mellitus

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4
Q

difference between types of inflammation

A

acute
- short duration
- often neutrophillic infiltration
chronic
- long duration
- lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages predominate

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5
Q

define granulomatous inflammation

A

inflammation that results in the formation of granulomas (collection of macrophages)

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of granulomatous inflammation

A
  • Ghon focus
  • Ghon complex
  • caseous necrosis
  • cavities
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7
Q

who is predisposed to granulomatous inflammation?

A
  • decreased immunity
  • poor socio-economic status (overcrowding)
  • exposure to silica dust
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8
Q

what are the causes of granulomatous inflammation?

A
  • mycobacterium tuberculosis (most common)
  • leprosy
  • fungal and parasitic inflammation
  • worms
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8
Q

what are the causes of granulomatous inflammation?

A
  • mycobacterium tuberculosis (most common)
  • leprosy
  • fungal and parasitic inflammation
  • worms
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9
Q

what are the signs of acute inflammation?

A
  • warmth
  • redness
  • pain
  • swelling
  • fever, malaise and tachycardia
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10
Q

define ghon focus

A

granulomas and caseous necrosis
- usually sub-plural

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11
Q

define ghon complex

A

regional nodes are enlarged (hilar LN) and caseous necrosis present

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12
Q

what is neoplasia?

A

abnormal growth of cells

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13
Q

describe the types of neoplasia

A

benign
- only has local effects
- slower growing
- one site and remains there, does not spread
malignant
- grow and infiltrate quickly
- spread to different sites
- cancerous

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14
Q

what are the factors of etiology of neoplasia?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • genetics
  • race
  • diet
  • extrinsic carcinogens
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15
Q

name and give examples of extrinsic carcinogens

A

chemical
- asbestos
radiation
hormonal
- unopposed estrogen
viruses
- human papilloma virus
- hepatitis B and C
- epstein barr virus
parasites
- bilharzia

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16
Q

staging

A

tumor size
nodal involvement
metastatic disease

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17
Q

explain spread

A
  • direct infiltration of surrounding tissue
  • lymphatic spread
  • haematological spread
18
Q

what is shock

A

series of changes resulting from circulatory failure, poor tissue perfusion and hypoxic damage

19
Q

explain the pathology of shock in the kidneys and lungs

A

kidneys
- acute tubular necrosis
lungs
- pulmonary edema
- infection
- inter-alveolar fibrin deposits
- respiratory edema
- shock lung/ acute respiratory stress syndrome

20
Q

what are the types of shock?

A

hypovolemic
- excessive fluid or blood loss e.g. burns
cardiogenic
- decreased cardiac output e.g. MI/ arrythmia
septic
- causes vasodilation and hypotension

21
Q

define edema

A

accumulation of excessive fluid in the interstitial compartment

22
Q

define anasarca

A

generalized edema

23
Q

define ascites

A

fluid in peritoneal cavity

24
Q

define pleural effusion

A
  • hydrothorax
  • fluid in the pleural cavity
25
Q

define pericardial effusion

A
  • hydropericardium
  • fluid in the pericardial cavity
26
Q

what is lung edema

A

accumulation of fluid in alveoli of lungs; life threatening

27
Q

what are the causes of lung edema?

A
  • hypervolemia
  • inflammatory condition which increases capillary permeability
  • inhalation of toxic gases that damages capillaries
  • left sided heart failure
28
Q

what is lymphatic obstruction?

A

lymphatic vessels drain lymph into lymph nodes and eventually back into circulatory system

29
Q

what is lymph?

A

fluid and protein landing in the interstitium

30
Q

what causes lymphatic obstruction?

A
  • surgical removal of nodes
  • congenital absence of lymphatics
  • results in lymph edema
  • destruction of nodes by tumor
31
Q

define haematoma

A

localized collection of blood in solid tissue

32
Q

define haemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

33
Q

define haematemisis

A

vomiting of blood

34
Q

define melena

A

altered blood in stool; black and offensive

35
Q

define haemturia

A

blood in urine

36
Q

define hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure within the capillary blood vessels and facilitates exchange of fluid through capillary wall

37
Q

define colloid osmotic pressure

A

plasma protein (albumin) responsible for retention of fluid in capillaries

38
Q

define thrombosis and give characteristics

A

formation of solid/semi-solid mass from blood constitutes in flowing blood within CVS during life
- mass formed is called thrombus
it can occur in arteries (superimposed on atherosclerotic plaques) and veins (stasis e.g. DVT)
common in deep vein of lower leg and is called deep vein thrombosis

39
Q

what can the fate of a thrombus be?

A

propagation
- accumulate more fibrin and platelets (propagates) and leads to vessel obstruction
organization
- repair granulation tissue in vascular system with recanalization
lysis
- dissolution by fibrolytic system
embolism
pulmonary vs systemic thromboembolism

40
Q

what is a pulmonary thromboembolism

A
  • originates in venous system e.g. calves or pelvic veins
  • piece of thrombus fragments off and spreads via IVC to right lung
  • leads to obstruction of pulmonary artery
  • resulting in infarction (acute SOB and pleuritic chest pain)
41
Q

hat is a systemic thromboembolism?

A
  • originates in left side o heart or a makor artery e.g. secondary to atherosclerosis
  • thrombo-emboli end up in arterial system leading to arterial obstruction resulting in infarction or gangrene (can affect brain, limb or kidney)
42
Q

what are other types of thrombi?

A
  • fat embolism
  • often after trauma, especially long bone fractures
  • medullary cavity of long bones contains fat
  • large amounts of fat impacted in capillaries
43
Q

what are some thrombus complications?

A

embolism
- thrombus breaks loose from vessel wall and travels further in bloodstream and impact elsewhere in vascular system (thrombo-embolism)
ischemia/ infarction (gangrene)
- secondary to arterial thrombosis
congestion and edema
- venous thrombosis

OCTS 3704 (5 decks)

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