- direct infiltration of surrounding tissue - lymphatic spread - haematological spread

Anatomical Pathology Flashcards by Botle Mbotho

define healing

situation where tissue returns to more or less its original state after damage

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define repair

situation where damaged tissue is repaired by fibrous connective tissue (scar formation)

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what is repair influenced by?

local factors:
- inflammation
- poor mobilization
- foreign bodies/ excessive blood clots
- hypoxia
systemic factors
- malnutrition
- malignancy
- age
- smoking
- diabetes mellitus

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difference between types of inflammation

acute
- short duration
- often neutrophillic infiltration
chronic
- long duration
- lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages predominate

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define granulomatous inflammation

inflammation that results in the formation of granulomas (collection of macrophages)

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what are the characteristics of granulomatous inflammation

Ghon focus
Ghon complex
caseous necrosis
cavities

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who is predisposed to granulomatous inflammation?

decreased immunity
poor socio-economic status (overcrowding)
exposure to silica dust

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what are the causes of granulomatous inflammation?

mycobacterium tuberculosis (most common)
leprosy
fungal and parasitic inflammation
worms

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what are the causes of granulomatous inflammation?

mycobacterium tuberculosis (most common)
leprosy
fungal and parasitic inflammation
worms

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what are the signs of acute inflammation?

warmth
redness
pain
swelling
fever, malaise and tachycardia

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define ghon focus

granulomas and caseous necrosis
- usually sub-plural

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define ghon complex

regional nodes are enlarged (hilar LN) and caseous necrosis present

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what is neoplasia?

abnormal growth of cells

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describe the types of neoplasia

benign
- only has local effects
- slower growing
- one site and remains there, does not spread
malignant
- grow and infiltrate quickly
- spread to different sites
- cancerous

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what are the factors of etiology of neoplasia?

age
gender
genetics
race
diet
extrinsic carcinogens

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name and give examples of extrinsic carcinogens

chemical
- asbestos
radiation
hormonal
- unopposed estrogen
viruses
- human papilloma virus
- hepatitis B and C
- epstein barr virus
parasites
- bilharzia

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staging

tumor size
nodal involvement
metastatic disease

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explain spread

direct infiltration of surrounding tissue
lymphatic spread
haematological spread

what is shock

series of changes resulting from circulatory failure, poor tissue perfusion and hypoxic damage

explain the pathology of shock in the kidneys and lungs

kidneys
- acute tubular necrosis
lungs
- pulmonary edema
- infection
- inter-alveolar fibrin deposits
- respiratory edema
- shock lung/ acute respiratory stress syndrome

what are the types of shock?

hypovolemic
- excessive fluid or blood loss e.g. burns
cardiogenic
- decreased cardiac output e.g. MI/ arrythmia
septic
- causes vasodilation and hypotension

define edema

accumulation of excessive fluid in the interstitial compartment

define anasarca

generalized edema

define ascites

fluid in peritoneal cavity

define pleural effusion

- hydrothorax - fluid in the pleural cavity

define pericardial effusion

- hydropericardium - fluid in the pericardial cavity

what is lung edema

accumulation of fluid in alveoli of lungs; life threatening

what are the causes of lung edema?

- hypervolemia - inflammatory condition which increases capillary permeability - inhalation of toxic gases that damages capillaries - left sided heart failure

what is lymphatic obstruction?

lymphatic vessels drain lymph into lymph nodes and eventually back into circulatory system

what is lymph?

fluid and protein landing in the interstitium

what causes lymphatic obstruction?

- surgical removal of nodes - congenital absence of lymphatics - results in lymph edema - destruction of nodes by tumor

define haematoma

localized collection of blood in solid tissue

define haemoptysis

coughing up blood

define haematemisis

vomiting of blood

define melena

altered blood in stool; black and offensive

define haemturia

blood in urine

define hydrostatic pressure

pressure within the capillary blood vessels and facilitates exchange of fluid through capillary wall

define colloid osmotic pressure

plasma protein (albumin) responsible for retention of fluid in capillaries

define thrombosis and give characteristics

formation of solid/semi-solid mass from blood constitutes in flowing blood within CVS during life - mass formed is called thrombus it can occur in arteries (superimposed on atherosclerotic plaques) and veins (stasis e.g. DVT) common in deep vein of lower leg and is called deep vein thrombosis

what can the fate of a thrombus be?

propagation - accumulate more fibrin and platelets (propagates) and leads to vessel obstruction organization - repair granulation tissue in vascular system with recanalization lysis - dissolution by fibrolytic system embolism pulmonary vs systemic thromboembolism

what is a pulmonary thromboembolism

- originates in venous system e.g. calves or pelvic veins - piece of thrombus fragments off and spreads via IVC to right lung - leads to obstruction of pulmonary artery - resulting in infarction (acute SOB and pleuritic chest pain)

hat is a systemic thromboembolism?

- originates in left side o heart or a makor artery e.g. secondary to atherosclerosis - thrombo-emboli end up in arterial system leading to arterial obstruction resulting in infarction or gangrene (can affect brain, limb or kidney)

what are other types of thrombi?

- fat embolism - often after trauma, especially long bone fractures - medullary cavity of long bones contains fat - large amounts of fat impacted in capillaries

what are some thrombus complications?

embolism - thrombus breaks loose from vessel wall and travels further in bloodstream and impact elsewhere in vascular system (thrombo-embolism) ischemia/ infarction (gangrene) - secondary to arterial thrombosis congestion and edema - venous thrombosis