Anatomical Pathology Flashcards
define healing
situation where tissue returns to more or less its original state after damage
define repair
situation where damaged tissue is repaired by fibrous connective tissue (scar formation)
what is repair influenced by?
local factors:
- inflammation
- poor mobilization
- foreign bodies/ excessive blood clots
- hypoxia
systemic factors
- malnutrition
- malignancy
- age
- smoking
- diabetes mellitus
difference between types of inflammation
acute
- short duration
- often neutrophillic infiltration
chronic
- long duration
- lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages predominate
define granulomatous inflammation
inflammation that results in the formation of granulomas (collection of macrophages)
what are the characteristics of granulomatous inflammation
- Ghon focus
- Ghon complex
- caseous necrosis
- cavities
who is predisposed to granulomatous inflammation?
- decreased immunity
- poor socio-economic status (overcrowding)
- exposure to silica dust
what are the causes of granulomatous inflammation?
- mycobacterium tuberculosis (most common)
- leprosy
- fungal and parasitic inflammation
- worms
what are the causes of granulomatous inflammation?
- mycobacterium tuberculosis (most common)
- leprosy
- fungal and parasitic inflammation
- worms
what are the signs of acute inflammation?
- warmth
- redness
- pain
- swelling
- fever, malaise and tachycardia
define ghon focus
granulomas and caseous necrosis
- usually sub-plural
define ghon complex
regional nodes are enlarged (hilar LN) and caseous necrosis present
what is neoplasia?
abnormal growth of cells
describe the types of neoplasia
benign
- only has local effects
- slower growing
- one site and remains there, does not spread
malignant
- grow and infiltrate quickly
- spread to different sites
- cancerous
what are the factors of etiology of neoplasia?
- age
- gender
- genetics
- race
- diet
- extrinsic carcinogens
name and give examples of extrinsic carcinogens
chemical
- asbestos
radiation
hormonal
- unopposed estrogen
viruses
- human papilloma virus
- hepatitis B and C
- epstein barr virus
parasites
- bilharzia
staging
tumor size
nodal involvement
metastatic disease
explain spread
- direct infiltration of surrounding tissue
- lymphatic spread
- haematological spread
what is shock
series of changes resulting from circulatory failure, poor tissue perfusion and hypoxic damage
explain the pathology of shock in the kidneys and lungs
kidneys
- acute tubular necrosis
lungs
- pulmonary edema
- infection
- inter-alveolar fibrin deposits
- respiratory edema
- shock lung/ acute respiratory stress syndrome
what are the types of shock?
hypovolemic
- excessive fluid or blood loss e.g. burns
cardiogenic
- decreased cardiac output e.g. MI/ arrythmia
septic
- causes vasodilation and hypotension
define edema
accumulation of excessive fluid in the interstitial compartment
define anasarca
generalized edema
define ascites
fluid in peritoneal cavity
define pleural effusion
- hydrothorax
- fluid in the pleural cavity
define pericardial effusion
- hydropericardium
- fluid in the pericardial cavity
what is lung edema
accumulation of fluid in alveoli of lungs; life threatening
what are the causes of lung edema?
- hypervolemia
- inflammatory condition which increases capillary permeability
- inhalation of toxic gases that damages capillaries
- left sided heart failure
what is lymphatic obstruction?
lymphatic vessels drain lymph into lymph nodes and eventually back into circulatory system
what is lymph?
fluid and protein landing in the interstitium
what causes lymphatic obstruction?
- surgical removal of nodes
- congenital absence of lymphatics
- results in lymph edema
- destruction of nodes by tumor
define haematoma
localized collection of blood in solid tissue
define haemoptysis
coughing up blood
define haematemisis
vomiting of blood
define melena
altered blood in stool; black and offensive
define haemturia
blood in urine
define hydrostatic pressure
pressure within the capillary blood vessels and facilitates exchange of fluid through capillary wall
define colloid osmotic pressure
plasma protein (albumin) responsible for retention of fluid in capillaries
define thrombosis and give characteristics
formation of solid/semi-solid mass from blood constitutes in flowing blood within CVS during life
- mass formed is called thrombus
it can occur in arteries (superimposed on atherosclerotic plaques) and veins (stasis e.g. DVT)
common in deep vein of lower leg and is called deep vein thrombosis
what can the fate of a thrombus be?
propagation
- accumulate more fibrin and platelets (propagates) and leads to vessel obstruction
organization
- repair granulation tissue in vascular system with recanalization
lysis
- dissolution by fibrolytic system
embolism
pulmonary vs systemic thromboembolism
what is a pulmonary thromboembolism
- originates in venous system e.g. calves or pelvic veins
- piece of thrombus fragments off and spreads via IVC to right lung
- leads to obstruction of pulmonary artery
- resulting in infarction (acute SOB and pleuritic chest pain)
hat is a systemic thromboembolism?
- originates in left side o heart or a makor artery e.g. secondary to atherosclerosis
- thrombo-emboli end up in arterial system leading to arterial obstruction resulting in infarction or gangrene (can affect brain, limb or kidney)
what are other types of thrombi?
- fat embolism
- often after trauma, especially long bone fractures
- medullary cavity of long bones contains fat
- large amounts of fat impacted in capillaries
what are some thrombus complications?
embolism
- thrombus breaks loose from vessel wall and travels further in bloodstream and impact elsewhere in vascular system (thrombo-embolism)
ischemia/ infarction (gangrene)
- secondary to arterial thrombosis
congestion and edema
- venous thrombosis
