Anatomical Nomenclature Flashcards
1
Q
What is the anatomical position?
A
The internationally accepted body position.
A person stands erect, arms by their stand looking forward legs and feet together with the palms facing forwards
2
Q
What is the sagital (lateral) plane?
A
A plane that extent down the long axis of the body dividing it into left and right halves
3
Q
What is the coronal (frontal) plane?
A
A plane that extends down the long axis of the body splitting into dorsal (back) and ventral (front) halves
4
Q
What is the axial (transverse) plane?
A
A plane that divides the body at right angles to the long axis and splits the body into top and bottom halves
5
Q
What is the parasagital plane?
A
A plane that is parallel to the sagital plane
6
Q
What does Anterior mean?
A
Describing or relating to the front (ventral) +
7
Q
What does posterior mean?
A
Describing or relating to the back (dorsal)
8
Q
What does medial mean?
A
Describing or relating to the centre line
9
Q
What does lateral mean?
A
Describing or relating to the side, away from the centre
10
Q
What does distal mean?
A
Away from the point of origin or point of attachment
11
Q
What does proximal mean?
A
Towards the origin or point of attachment
12
Q
What does dorsal mean?
A
Near the upper surface or towards the back
13
Q
What does ventral mean?
A
Towards the bottom or belly
14
Q
What does superior mean?
A
Situated upper most in relation to other structures or surfaces
15
Q
What does inferior mean?
A
Lower than, in relation to other structures or surfaces
16
Q
What does rostral mean?
A
Towards the front
17
Q
What does caudal mean?
A
Towards the back/tail
18
Q
In terms of abdominal regions what are the top 3 called?
A
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
19
Q
In terms of abdominal regions what are the middle 3 called?
A
Right lumbar
Umbillical
Left lumbar
20
Q
In terms of abdominal regions what are the bottom 3 called?
A
Right iliac fossa
Hypogastric
Left iliac fossa
21
Q
What is the cavity where the brain sits called?
A
Cranial
22
Q
What is the cavity at the top of the chest called?
A
Thoracic
23
Q
What is the cavity in the middle of the trunk, towards the front of the body called?
A
Abdominal
24
Q
What is the cavity at the base of the trunk called?
A
Pelvic
25
What are the four basic types of tissue called?
Connective tissue
Nervous
Muscle
Epithelium
26
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Consist almost entirely of cells
Very little extracellular matrix
Covers surfaces
Forms structures such as glands
Have a free surface and a surface attached to the basal surface most basal surfaces are connected to basement membrane
Cells have specialist structures in them that help bind them together
Blood vessels do not penetrate the basement membrane
Cells are mitotic and can regenerate
27
What types of surfaces are covered with epithelium?
Outside of the body
Digestive tract
Many body cavities
28
What does the basement membrane consist of?
Extracellular matrix secreted by epithelial cells
29
What is the aim of basement membrane?
Connective tissue that halps attach the epithelium to the underlying tissues
Role in supporting cell migration during repair
30
How is epithelium classified?
Number of cell layers
Shape of the cells
31
Give examples of types of epithelium
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Pseudo stratified epithelium
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
32
What is simple epithelium?
Single layer of cells extrnding from basement membrane to free surface
33
What is stratified epithelium?
More than one layer of cells. Only 1 layer is adjacent to the basement membrane. Cells with the most metabolic activity lie in the basal layer
34
What is puedostatified epithelium?
All of the epithelial cells are in contact with the basement membrane but only some reach the free surface. It appears multi layered but isn't
35
What is squamous epithelium?
Cells of flat and scale like
36
What is cuboidal epithelium?
Cells are cube shaped as wide as they are tall
37
What is columnar epithelium?
Cells are taller than they are wide
38
Where is simple squamous epithelium found and what functions does it have?
Lines blood vessels
Lymphatics
Small ducts
Alveoli
Diffusion
Filtration
Secretion
Absorption
39
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found and what functions does it have?
Kidney tubules
Terminal bronchioles
Surface of ovary
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Mivemebt of mucus (if ciliated)
40
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found and what functions does it have?
Kidney tubules
Terminal bronchioles
Surface of ovary
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of mucus (if ciliated)
41
Where is simple columnar epithelium found and what functions does it have?
Glands
Ducts
Uterus
Stomach
Intestines
Gall bladder
Movement of particles in the lungs
Oocyte in fallopian tubes
Secretion of glands in the stomach and intestine
Absorption in the intestine
42
What is ITT?
Intention to treat
43
Where is stratified squamous epithelium found and what are its functions?
Mouth
Oesophagus
Vagina
Anus
If it is keratanized the skin
Protection against abrasion and infection
44
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found and what are its functions?
Sweat gland ducts
Ovarian follicular cells
Salivary glands
Secretion
Absorption
Protection
45
Where are stratified columnar epithelium found and what are their functions?
Mammary gland ducts l
Larynx
Part of the male urethra
Protection
Secretion
46
Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium found on what are their functions?
Lining of the nasal cavity
Nasal sinuses
Pharynx
Trachea
Synthesize and secrete mucus into free space
Move mucus
47
Where is transitional epithelium found and what are its functions?
Lining of the urinary bladder
Ureters
Superior urethra
Accommodate fluctuations in volume of fluid
Protect against caustic effect of urine
48
What does caustic mean?
Capable of burning, corroding or cause damage to living tissue
49
What is connective tissue?
Tissue that supports, binds or separates more specialized tissues and organs or functions as a packing tissue of the body
50
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
Consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix the non-living extra cellular matrix is the basis for the classification of the subgroups
51
What are the three types of specialist cells found in any connective tissue?
Blasts
Cytes
Clasts
52
Cells with the suffix blasts have what function give examples?
Create the matrix
Fibroblasts
Osteoblasts
53
Cells with the suffix cyted have what function, give examples?
Maintain the matrix
Chondrocytes
Osteocytes
54
Cells with the suffix clasts have what function, give an example?
Breakdown the matrix for remodeling
Osteoplasts
55
What are the three major components of extra cellular matrix?
Protein fibres
Ground substances consisting of non-fiborous proteins and other molecules
Fluid
56
Where does extra cellular matrix get its functional characteristics from?
The structure
57
What are the three types of protein fibers in connective?
Collagen
Reticular
Elastin
58
Give examples of non fibrous molecules found in extracellular matrix?
Hyaluronic acid
Proteoglycans
59
Why is classification of connective tissue arbitrary?
The types blend into each other without transition points
60
What are the major categories of connective tissue?
Primarily protein fibres in the matrix
Both protein fibers and ground substances in the matrix
A fluid extracellular matrix
61
How are the protein fibers laid out in loose forms of fibrous connective tissue?
Lacey network of fibres with numerous fluid filled spaces
62
In dense forms of fibrous connective tissue how are the protein fibres laid out?
Thick bundles which almost completely fill the space
63
Where is areolar (loose) connective tissue found and what are its functions?
Found widely throughout the body between glands, muscles and nerves
Connects the skin to underlying tissues
Loose packing
Support
Nourishment
64
Where is dense regular collagenous connective tissue found and what are its functions?
Tendons and ligaments
With standing pulling forces exerted in the direction of orientation
Tensile strength
Stretch resistance
65
Where are dense regular elastic connective tissue found and what are its functions?
Ligaments
Between the vertebrae
Vocal cords
To stretch and recoil in the direction of the fibre orientation
66
Where are dense irregular collagenous connective tissues found and what are their functions?
Dermis
Serosa of body tubes
Withstand the stretch of the organ but in all directions
67
Where are dense irregular elastic connective tissues found and what are its functions?
Elastic arteries
Stretch and recoil in several directions
68
What is muscle tissues main characteristic?
It is contractile
69
What is tissues main function?
Movement
70
How are the types of muscle tissue grouped?
According to its structure and how it is controlled
71
What type of structure can muscle tissue have?
Striated
Non-striated
72
What does striated mean?
Microscopic bands of cells
73
How can muscle tissue be controlled?
Voluntary (consciously controlled)
Involuntary
74
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Striated voluntary = skeletal muscle
Striated involuntary = cardiac muscle Non-striated involuntary = smooth muscle
75
What is skeletal muscle?
Attached to bones
Very long cells
Multinucleated at the periphery of the cell
Has striations and voluntarily causes movement
76
What is cardiac muscle?
Found in the heart
Long cells
Single central nucleus
Have striations
Controlled involuntary
Contraction provides major force for moving blood through the vessels
It has branching fibers
Interllaced discs which join the cells
77
What is smooth muscle?
Found in walls of hollow organs
Blood vessels
Eyes
Glands
Skin
Spindle shape cells
Single central nucleus
No striations
Controlled involuntary
Involved in the movement of food
Emptying the urinary bladder regulation of blood vessel diameter change of pupil size
78
Where is nervous tissue found?
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
79
What is the characteristic of nervous tissue?
The ability to conduct electric signals (action potentials)
80
What are Neurons?
Nerve cells that conduct action potentials
81
What are neurons composed of?
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
82
Where are multipolar neurons found?
Brain
Spinal cord
Ganglia
83
Where are multipolar neurons found?
Brain
Spinal cord
Ganglia
84
What are multipolar neurons?
They have multiple dendrites and one axon
85
What is the function of multipolar neurons?
Transmit information
Store
Evaluate data
86
What are unipolar neurons?
They have no dendrites and one axon
87
Where are unipolar neurons found?
In the ganglia
Outside of the brain
Spinal cord
88
What are you new polar neurons functions?
Conduct messages from the surface of the body to the brain and spinal cord
89
Where is adipose tissue found?
Predominantly in subcutaneous areas Mesenteries
Renal pelvis
Around kidneys
Attached to the surface of the colon
90
What is the function of adipose tissue?
Packing material
Thermal insulator
Energy storage
Protection of organs
91
Where is reticular tissue found?
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow
92
What is the function of reticular tissue?
Superstructure for the lymphatic and hemopoetic tissues
93
Where is bone marrow found?
Within the marrow cavities of bone
94
What are the two types of bone marrow?
Yellow marrow - mostly adipose tissue in the shafts of the Long bones
Red marrow - hemopoetic or blood forming, in the ends of long bones and in short flat and irregularly shaped bones
95
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Growing long bones
Costal cartilage of the ribs
Nasal cartilage
Articulating surfaces of bones
96
What is Hyaline cartilages function?
Allows for growth of long bones
Provides rigidity with some flexibility in the ribs and the nose
97
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Intervertebral discs
Synthesis pubis
Articular discs in the knee
98
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
A small amount of flexibility
Capable of withstanding considerable pressure
99
Where is elastic cartilage found?
External ear
Epiglottis
Auditory tubes
100
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
Rigidity with more flexibility than Hyaline cartilage due to the elastin fibres
101
Where is cancellous bone found?
In the interior of the skull
Vertebrae
Sternum
Pelvis
At the end of long bones
102
What is the function of cancellous bone?
Scaffolding (providing strength and support without lots of weight)
103
Where is compact bone found?
In the outer portions of all bones
Shafts of long bones
104
What is the function of compact bone?
Great strength and support
Forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured
105
Where is blood found?
Blood vessels
106
What type of blood cells frequently leave the vessels and enter interstitial spaces?
White blood cells
107
What is the function of blood cells?
Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products and other substances
108
What is fascia?
Connective tissue that covers the body by forming a sheet of tissue under the skin
Surrounds individual muscles or groups
It holds muscle cells together and attaches muscles to bones or tendons
109
What is embryonic tissue?
13-14 days after fertilization the cells form a slightly elongated disc of two layers (the ectoderm and endoderm) . Cells from the ectoderm migrate between these two layers form the mesoderm. These three layers are germ cells, the basis of all types of tissue
110
What is the endoderm?
Inner layer of embryonic tissue forms the digestive tract and all of its derivatives
111
What is the mesoderm?
The middle layer of embryonic tissue forms muscle, bone and blood vessels
112
What is the ectoderm?
Outer layer of embryonic tissue forms skin
Small portion becomes neuroectoderm which forms nervous tissue
113
What is the hallux?
Big toe
114
What is the thenar?
Rounded, fleshy part of hand at the base of thumb
115
What is a tendon?
Parallel bundles of collagen fibres that attach muscle to bone inelastic but flexible
116
What is a ligament?
Band of white fibrous connective tissue that links two bones in a joint, inelastic but flexible
117
What is heterotopia?
The displacement of an organ or part of the body from its normal position
118
What is a hamatoma?
Overgrowth of mature tissue within which elements show disordered arrangement and proportion
Benign but malignancy may occur in any of the elements
119
What is a choristoma?
A mass of tissue composed of tissue not normally found in at the affected site eg a dermoid cyst
120
What is a meats?
A passage or opening found naturally within the body eg auditory meatus
121
What are the ischium?
Bone forming the lower part of each side of the hip
122
Where is the manubrium?
Top of the sternum were the clavicle lie
123
Where is the psoas muscle found?
Muscle in the groin acts with the iliacus muscle to flex the hip
124
What is a neoplasm?
Any new growth
Abnormal
Can be benign or malignant
125
What does pleomorphic mean?
In relation to cells varied shape and size
126
What does stratification mean?
Arranged in layers
127
What is a papilloma
A benign tumour of non-glandular and non-secretory epithelium having a nipple-like growth on the surface of skin or and mucous membrane
128
What is an adenoma?
A benign tumour of epithelial origin that is derived from glandular tissue or exhibits clearly defined glandular structures can undergo malignant change
129
What is a carcinoma?
A cancer that arises in epithelial tissue
130
What is adenocarcinoma?
Malignant epithelial tumor arising from glandular structures c
Can also be a tumor with a glandular growth pattern
131
What is a terratoma?
A tumour composed of a number of tissues that are not normally found at that site and are derived from all three embryonic germ layers
132
What is a sarcoma?
Any cancer of connective tissue
133
What does the prefix fibro relate to?
Fibrous tissue origin
134
What does the prefix osteo relate to?
Bone tissue origin
135
What does the prefix chondro relate to?
Cartilage tissue origin
136
What does the prefix lipo relate to?
Adipose tissue origin
137
What does the prefix leiomyo relate to?
Smooth muscle tissue origin
138
What does the prefix rhabdony relate to?
Skeletal muscle origin
139
What does the prefix haemangi relate to?
Blood vessel origin
140
What is a Melanoma?
Tumour of melanocytes
141
What is a lymphoma
Cancer of the lymph nodes
142
What is leukemia?
Tumour derived from haemopoetic elements in the blood
143
What does haemopoetic mean?
Relating to the formation of blood of blood cells
144
What is hyperkeratosis?
Thickening of the outer horny layer of the skin caused by an increase in keratin production
145
What is parakeratosis?
Incomplete maturation of epidermal keratinocytes sites, resulting in abnormal retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum
146
What is acral lentigenous?
Specific type of melanoma that arises on the palms at the hands, soles of the feet and under the nails
147
What does acral relate to?
Distal portions of limbs eh hands and feet
148
What does plantar?
Sole of foot
149
What is the perineal?
Skin between the anus and lower part of genital area
150
What does glabrous mean?
Completely devoid of hair and hair follicles
151
What does pultacious mean?
Soft, pulpy consistency
152
What is acanthosis?
Thickening of epidermis usually with increased depth of the rete ridges
153
What does idiopathic mean?
Of unknown cause
154
What is pagetoid spread?
Melanocytes visible throughout the epidemis instead of just at the basement membrane
155
What is fat Necrosis?
Necrosis that affects fatty tissue
Golden yellow appearance
156
What does goiter mean?
An englarged thyroid gland
157
What does variegated mean?
Exhibits different colours generally in irregular patches or streaks
158
What is mastalgia?
Breast pain
159
What is puritus?
Itching
160
What is empyena?
Collection of pus
161
What is pyrexia?
Raised body temperature
162
What does CRLM stand for?
Colorectal liver metastases
163
What is menorrhagia?
Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding
164
What is dysmenorrhea?
Painful menstrual bleeding
165
What is paraphimosis
Foreskin trapped in the retracted position
166
What is lichenification?
Thickening of the skin with attenuation of the skin lines, a result of chronic rubbing or scratching
