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DEP Paper 1 > Anatomical Nomenclature > Flashcards

Anatomical Nomenclature Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

The internationally accepted body position.
A person stands erect, arms by their stand looking forward legs and feet together with the palms facing forwards

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2
Q

What is the sagital (lateral) plane?

A

A plane that extent down the long axis of the body dividing it into left and right halves

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3
Q

What is the coronal (frontal) plane?

A

A plane that extends down the long axis of the body splitting into dorsal (back) and ventral (front) halves

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4
Q

What is the axial (transverse) plane?

A

A plane that divides the body at right angles to the long axis and splits the body into top and bottom halves

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5
Q

What is the parasagital plane?

A

A plane that is parallel to the sagital plane

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6
Q

What does Anterior mean?

A

Describing or relating to the front (ventral) +

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7
Q

What does posterior mean?

A

Describing or relating to the back (dorsal)

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8
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Describing or relating to the centre line

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9
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Describing or relating to the side, away from the centre

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10
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Away from the point of origin or point of attachment

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11
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Towards the origin or point of attachment

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12
Q

What does dorsal mean?

A

Near the upper surface or towards the back

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13
Q

What does ventral mean?

A

Towards the bottom or belly

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14
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Situated upper most in relation to other structures or surfaces

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15
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

Lower than, in relation to other structures or surfaces

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16
Q

What does rostral mean?

A

Towards the front

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17
Q

What does caudal mean?

A

Towards the back/tail

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18
Q

In terms of abdominal regions what are the top 3 called?

A

Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac

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19
Q

In terms of abdominal regions what are the middle 3 called?

A

Right lumbar
Umbillical
Left lumbar

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20
Q

In terms of abdominal regions what are the bottom 3 called?

A

Right iliac fossa
Hypogastric
Left iliac fossa

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21
Q

What is the cavity where the brain sits called?

A

Cranial

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22
Q

What is the cavity at the top of the chest called?

A

Thoracic

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23
Q

What is the cavity in the middle of the trunk, towards the front of the body called?

A

Abdominal

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24
Q

What is the cavity at the base of the trunk called?

A

Pelvic

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25
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue called?

A

Connective tissue
Nervous
Muscle
Epithelium

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

Consist almost entirely of cells
Very little extracellular matrix
Covers surfaces
Forms structures such as glands
Have a free surface and a surface attached to the basal surface most basal surfaces are connected to basement membrane
Cells have specialist structures in them that help bind them together
Blood vessels do not penetrate the basement membrane
Cells are mitotic and can regenerate

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27
Q

What types of surfaces are covered with epithelium?

A

Outside of the body
Digestive tract
Many body cavities

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28
Q

What does the basement membrane consist of?

A

Extracellular matrix secreted by epithelial cells

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29
Q

What is the aim of basement membrane?

A

Connective tissue that halps attach the epithelium to the underlying tissues
Role in supporting cell migration during repair

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30
Q

How is epithelium classified?

A

Number of cell layers
Shape of the cells

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31
Q

Give examples of types of epithelium

A

Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Pseudo stratified epithelium
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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32
Q

What is simple epithelium?

A

Single layer of cells extrnding from basement membrane to free surface

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33
Q

What is stratified epithelium?

A

More than one layer of cells. Only 1 layer is adjacent to the basement membrane. Cells with the most metabolic activity lie in the basal layer

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34
Q

What is puedostatified epithelium?

A

All of the epithelial cells are in contact with the basement membrane but only some reach the free surface. It appears multi layered but isn’t

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35
Q

What is squamous epithelium?

A

Cells of flat and scale like

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36
Q

What is cuboidal epithelium?

A

Cells are cube shaped as wide as they are tall

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37
Q

What is columnar epithelium?

A

Cells are taller than they are wide

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38
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found and what functions does it have?

A

Lines blood vessels
Lymphatics
Small ducts
Alveoli

Diffusion
Filtration
Secretion
Absorption

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39
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found and what functions does it have?

A

Kidney tubules
Terminal bronchioles
Surface of ovary

Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Mivemebt of mucus (if ciliated)

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40
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found and what functions does it have?

A

Kidney tubules
Terminal bronchioles
Surface of ovary

Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of mucus (if ciliated)

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41
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found and what functions does it have?

A

Glands
Ducts
Uterus
Stomach
Intestines
Gall bladder

Movement of particles in the lungs
Oocyte in fallopian tubes
Secretion of glands in the stomach and intestine
Absorption in the intestine

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42
Q

What is ITT?

A

Intention to treat

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43
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found and what are its functions?

A

Mouth
Oesophagus
Vagina
Anus
If it is keratanized the skin

Protection against abrasion and infection

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44
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found and what are its functions?

A

Sweat gland ducts
Ovarian follicular cells
Salivary glands

Secretion
Absorption
Protection

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45
Q

Where are stratified columnar epithelium found and what are their functions?

A

Mammary gland ducts l
Larynx
Part of the male urethra

Protection
Secretion

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46
Q

Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium found on what are their functions?

A

Lining of the nasal cavity
Nasal sinuses
Pharynx
Trachea

Synthesize and secrete mucus into free space
Move mucus

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47
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found and what are its functions?

A

Lining of the urinary bladder
Ureters
Superior urethra

Accommodate fluctuations in volume of fluid
Protect against caustic effect of urine

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48
Q

What does caustic mean?

A

Capable of burning, corroding or cause damage to living tissue

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49
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue that supports, binds or separates more specialized tissues and organs or functions as a packing tissue of the body

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50
Q

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A

Consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix the non-living extra cellular matrix is the basis for the classification of the subgroups

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51
Q

What are the three types of specialist cells found in any connective tissue?

A

Blasts
Cytes
Clasts

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52
Q

Cells with the suffix blasts have what function give examples?

A

Create the matrix

Fibroblasts
Osteoblasts

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53
Q

Cells with the suffix cyted have what function, give examples?

A

Maintain the matrix

Chondrocytes
Osteocytes

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54
Q

Cells with the suffix clasts have what function, give an example?

A

Breakdown the matrix for remodeling
Osteoplasts

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55
Q

What are the three major components of extra cellular matrix?

A

Protein fibres
Ground substances consisting of non-fiborous proteins and other molecules
Fluid

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56
Q

Where does extra cellular matrix get its functional characteristics from?

A

The structure

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57
Q

What are the three types of protein fibers in connective?

A

Collagen
Reticular
Elastin

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58
Q

Give examples of non fibrous molecules found in extracellular matrix?

A

Hyaluronic acid
Proteoglycans

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59
Q

Why is classification of connective tissue arbitrary?

A

The types blend into each other without transition points

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60
Q

What are the major categories of connective tissue?

A

Primarily protein fibres in the matrix
Both protein fibers and ground substances in the matrix
A fluid extracellular matrix

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61
Q

How are the protein fibers laid out in loose forms of fibrous connective tissue?

A

Lacey network of fibres with numerous fluid filled spaces

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62
Q

In dense forms of fibrous connective tissue how are the protein fibres laid out?

A

Thick bundles which almost completely fill the space

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63
Q

Where is areolar (loose) connective tissue found and what are its functions?

A

Found widely throughout the body between glands, muscles and nerves
Connects the skin to underlying tissues

Loose packing
Support
Nourishment

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64
Q

Where is dense regular collagenous connective tissue found and what are its functions?

A

Tendons and ligaments

With standing pulling forces exerted in the direction of orientation
Tensile strength
Stretch resistance

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65
Q

Where are dense regular elastic connective tissue found and what are its functions?

A

Ligaments
Between the vertebrae
Vocal cords

To stretch and recoil in the direction of the fibre orientation

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66
Q

Where are dense irregular collagenous connective tissues found and what are their functions?

A

Dermis
Serosa of body tubes

Withstand the stretch of the organ but in all directions

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67
Q

Where are dense irregular elastic connective tissues found and what are its functions?

A

Elastic arteries

Stretch and recoil in several directions

68
Q

What is muscle tissues main characteristic?

A

It is contractile

69
Q

What is tissues main function?

A

Movement

70
Q

How are the types of muscle tissue grouped?

A

According to its structure and how it is controlled

71
Q

What type of structure can muscle tissue have?

A

Striated
Non-striated

72
Q

What does striated mean?

A

Microscopic bands of cells

73
Q

How can muscle tissue be controlled?

A

Voluntary (consciously controlled)
Involuntary

74
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Striated voluntary = skeletal muscle
Striated involuntary = cardiac muscle Non-striated involuntary = smooth muscle

75
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Attached to bones
Very long cells
Multinucleated at the periphery of the cell
Has striations and voluntarily causes movement

76
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Found in the heart
Long cells
Single central nucleus
Have striations
Controlled involuntary
Contraction provides major force for moving blood through the vessels
It has branching fibers
Interllaced discs which join the cells

77
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Found in walls of hollow organs
Blood vessels
Eyes
Glands
Skin

Spindle shape cells
Single central nucleus
No striations
Controlled involuntary

Involved in the movement of food
Emptying the urinary bladder regulation of blood vessel diameter change of pupil size

78
Q

Where is nervous tissue found?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

79
Q

What is the characteristic of nervous tissue?

A

The ability to conduct electric signals (action potentials)

80
Q

What are Neurons?

A

Nerve cells that conduct action potentials

81
Q

What are neurons composed of?

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

82
Q

Where are multipolar neurons found?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Ganglia

83
Q

Where are multipolar neurons found?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Ganglia

84
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

They have multiple dendrites and one axon

85
Q

What is the function of multipolar neurons?

A

Transmit information
Store
Evaluate data

86
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

They have no dendrites and one axon

87
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

In the ganglia
Outside of the brain
Spinal cord

88
Q

What are you new polar neurons functions?

A

Conduct messages from the surface of the body to the brain and spinal cord

89
Q

Where is adipose tissue found?

A

Predominantly in subcutaneous areas Mesenteries
Renal pelvis
Around kidneys
Attached to the surface of the colon

90
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A

Packing material
Thermal insulator
Energy storage
Protection of organs

91
Q

Where is reticular tissue found?

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow

92
Q

What is the function of reticular tissue?

A

Superstructure for the lymphatic and hemopoetic tissues

93
Q

Where is bone marrow found?

A

Within the marrow cavities of bone

94
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A

Yellow marrow - mostly adipose tissue in the shafts of the Long bones

Red marrow - hemopoetic or blood forming, in the ends of long bones and in short flat and irregularly shaped bones

95
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Growing long bones
Costal cartilage of the ribs
Nasal cartilage
Articulating surfaces of bones

96
Q

What is Hyaline cartilages function?

A

Allows for growth of long bones
Provides rigidity with some flexibility in the ribs and the nose

97
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral discs
Synthesis pubis
Articular discs in the knee

98
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

A small amount of flexibility
Capable of withstanding considerable pressure

99
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External ear
Epiglottis
Auditory tubes

100
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

Rigidity with more flexibility than Hyaline cartilage due to the elastin fibres

101
Q

Where is cancellous bone found?

A

In the interior of the skull
Vertebrae
Sternum
Pelvis
At the end of long bones

102
Q

What is the function of cancellous bone?

A

Scaffolding (providing strength and support without lots of weight)

103
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

In the outer portions of all bones
Shafts of long bones

104
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Great strength and support
Forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured

105
Q

Where is blood found?

A

Blood vessels

106
Q

What type of blood cells frequently leave the vessels and enter interstitial spaces?

A

White blood cells

107
Q

What is the function of blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products and other substances

108
Q

What is fascia?

A

Connective tissue that covers the body by forming a sheet of tissue under the skin
Surrounds individual muscles or groups
It holds muscle cells together and attaches muscles to bones or tendons

109
Q

What is embryonic tissue?

A

13-14 days after fertilization the cells form a slightly elongated disc of two layers (the ectoderm and endoderm) . Cells from the ectoderm migrate between these two layers form the mesoderm. These three layers are germ cells, the basis of all types of tissue

110
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

Inner layer of embryonic tissue forms the digestive tract and all of its derivatives

111
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

The middle layer of embryonic tissue forms muscle, bone and blood vessels

112
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

Outer layer of embryonic tissue forms skin
Small portion becomes neuroectoderm which forms nervous tissue

113
Q

What is the hallux?

A

Big toe

114
Q

What is the thenar?

A

Rounded, fleshy part of hand at the base of thumb

115
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Parallel bundles of collagen fibres that attach muscle to bone inelastic but flexible

116
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Band of white fibrous connective tissue that links two bones in a joint, inelastic but flexible

117
Q

What is heterotopia?

A

The displacement of an organ or part of the body from its normal position

118
Q

What is a hamatoma?

A

Overgrowth of mature tissue within which elements show disordered arrangement and proportion
Benign but malignancy may occur in any of the elements

119
Q

What is a choristoma?

A

A mass of tissue composed of tissue not normally found in at the affected site eg a dermoid cyst

120
Q

What is a meats?

A

A passage or opening found naturally within the body eg auditory meatus

121
Q

What are the ischium?

A

Bone forming the lower part of each side of the hip

122
Q

Where is the manubrium?

A

Top of the sternum were the clavicle lie

123
Q

Where is the psoas muscle found?

A

Muscle in the groin acts with the iliacus muscle to flex the hip

124
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Any new growth
Abnormal
Can be benign or malignant

125
Q

What does pleomorphic mean?

A

In relation to cells varied shape and size

126
Q

What does stratification mean?

A

Arranged in layers

127
Q

What is a papilloma

A

A benign tumour of non-glandular and non-secretory epithelium having a nipple-like growth on the surface of skin or and mucous membrane

128
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

A benign tumour of epithelial origin that is derived from glandular tissue or exhibits clearly defined glandular structures can undergo malignant change

129
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

A cancer that arises in epithelial tissue

130
Q

What is adenocarcinoma?

A

Malignant epithelial tumor arising from glandular structures c
Can also be a tumor with a glandular growth pattern

131
Q

What is a terratoma?

A

A tumour composed of a number of tissues that are not normally found at that site and are derived from all three embryonic germ layers

132
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

Any cancer of connective tissue

133
Q

What does the prefix fibro relate to?

A

Fibrous tissue origin

134
Q

What does the prefix osteo relate to?

A

Bone tissue origin

135
Q

What does the prefix chondro relate to?

A

Cartilage tissue origin

136
Q

What does the prefix lipo relate to?

A

Adipose tissue origin

137
Q

What does the prefix leiomyo relate to?

A

Smooth muscle tissue origin

138
Q

What does the prefix rhabdony relate to?

A

Skeletal muscle origin

139
Q

What does the prefix haemangi relate to?

A

Blood vessel origin

140
Q

What is a Melanoma?

A

Tumour of melanocytes

141
Q

What is a lymphoma

A

Cancer of the lymph nodes

142
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Tumour derived from haemopoetic elements in the blood

143
Q

What does haemopoetic mean?

A

Relating to the formation of blood of blood cells

144
Q

What is hyperkeratosis?

A

Thickening of the outer horny layer of the skin caused by an increase in keratin production

145
Q

What is parakeratosis?

A

Incomplete maturation of epidermal keratinocytes sites, resulting in abnormal retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum

146
Q

What is acral lentigenous?

A

Specific type of melanoma that arises on the palms at the hands, soles of the feet and under the nails

147
Q

What does acral relate to?

A

Distal portions of limbs eh hands and feet

148
Q

What does plantar?

A

Sole of foot

149
Q

What is the perineal?

A

Skin between the anus and lower part of genital area

150
Q

What does glabrous mean?

A

Completely devoid of hair and hair follicles

151
Q

What does pultacious mean?

A

Soft, pulpy consistency

152
Q

What is acanthosis?

A

Thickening of epidermis usually with increased depth of the rete ridges

153
Q

What does idiopathic mean?

A

Of unknown cause

154
Q

What is pagetoid spread?

A

Melanocytes visible throughout the epidemis instead of just at the basement membrane

155
Q

What is fat Necrosis?

A

Necrosis that affects fatty tissue
Golden yellow appearance

156
Q

What does goiter mean?

A

An englarged thyroid gland

157
Q

What does variegated mean?

A

Exhibits different colours generally in irregular patches or streaks

158
Q

What is mastalgia?

A

Breast pain

159
Q

What is puritus?

A

Itching

160
Q

What is empyena?

A

Collection of pus

161
Q

What is pyrexia?

A

Raised body temperature

162
Q

What does CRLM stand for?

A

Colorectal liver metastases

163
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding

164
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

Painful menstrual bleeding

165
Q

What is paraphimosis

A

Foreskin trapped in the retracted position

166
Q

What is lichenification?

A

Thickening of the skin with attenuation of the skin lines, a result of chronic rubbing or scratching

DEP Paper 1 (5 decks)

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