Anatomical Nomenclature Flashcards
What is the anatomical position?
The internationally accepted body position.
A person stands erect, arms by their stand looking forward legs and feet together with the palms facing forwards
What is the sagital (lateral) plane?
A plane that extent down the long axis of the body dividing it into left and right halves
What is the coronal (frontal) plane?
A plane that extends down the long axis of the body splitting into dorsal (back) and ventral (front) halves
What is the axial (transverse) plane?
A plane that divides the body at right angles to the long axis and splits the body into top and bottom halves
What is the parasagital plane?
A plane that is parallel to the sagital plane
What does Anterior mean?
Describing or relating to the front (ventral) +
What does posterior mean?
Describing or relating to the back (dorsal)
What does medial mean?
Describing or relating to the centre line
What does lateral mean?
Describing or relating to the side, away from the centre
What does distal mean?
Away from the point of origin or point of attachment
What does proximal mean?
Towards the origin or point of attachment
What does dorsal mean?
Near the upper surface or towards the back
What does ventral mean?
Towards the bottom or belly
What does superior mean?
Situated upper most in relation to other structures or surfaces
What does inferior mean?
Lower than, in relation to other structures or surfaces
What does rostral mean?
Towards the front
What does caudal mean?
Towards the back/tail
In terms of abdominal regions what are the top 3 called?
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
In terms of abdominal regions what are the middle 3 called?
Right lumbar
Umbillical
Left lumbar
In terms of abdominal regions what are the bottom 3 called?
Right iliac fossa
Hypogastric
Left iliac fossa
What is the cavity where the brain sits called?
Cranial
What is the cavity at the tip of the chest called?
Thoracic
What is the cavity in the middle of the trunk, towards the front of the body called?
Abdominal
What is the cavity at the base of the trunk called?
Pelvic
What are the four basic types of tissue called?
Connective tissue
Nervous
Muscle
Epithelium
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Consist almost entirely of cells
Very little extracellular matrix
Covers surfaces
Forms structures such as glands
Have a free surface and a surface attached to the basal surface most basal surfaces are connected to basement membrane
Cells have specialist structures in them that help bind them together
Blood vessels do not penetrate the basement membrane
Cells are mititic and can regenerate
What types of surfaces are covered with epithelium?
Outside of the body
Digestive tract
Many body cavities
What does the basement membrane consist of?
Extracellular matrix secreted by epithelial cells
What is the aim of basement membrane?
Connective tissue that halps attach the epithelium to the underlying tissues
Role in supporting cell migration during repair
How is epithelium classified?
Number of cell layers
Shape of the cells
Give examples of types of epithelium
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Pseudo stratified epithelium
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
What is simple epithelium?
Single layer of cells extrnding from basement membrane to free surface
What is stratified epithelium?
More than one layer of cells. Only 1 layer is adjacent to the basement membrane. Cells with the most metabolic activity lie in the basal layer
What is puedostatified epithelium?
All of the epithelial cells are in contact with the basement membrane but only some reach the free surface. It appears multi layered but isn’t
What is squamous epithelium?
Cells of flat and scale like
What is cuboidal epithelium?
Cells are cube shaped as wide as they are tall
What is columnar epithelium?
Cells are taller than they are wide
Where is simple squamous epithelium found and what functions does it have?
Lines blood vessels
Lymphatics
Small ducts
Alveoli
Diffusion
Filtration
Secretion
Absorption
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found and what functions does it have?
Kidney tubules
Terminal bronchioles
Surface of ovary
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Mivemebt of mucus (if ciliated)
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found and what functions does it have?
Kidney tubules
Terminal bronchioles
Surface of ovary
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of mucus (if ciliated)
Where is simple columnar epithelium found and what functions does it have?
Glands
Ducts
Uterus
Stomach
Intestines
Gall bladder
Movement of particles in the lungs
Oocyte in fallopian tubes
Secretion of glands in the stomach and intestine
Absorption in the intestine
What is ITT?
Intention to treat
Where is stratified squamous epithelium found and what are its functions?
Mouth
Oesophagus
Vagina
Anus
If it is keratanized the skin
Protection against abrasion and infection
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found and what are its functions?
Sweat gland ducts
Ovarian follicular cells
Salivary glands
Secretion
Absorption
Protection
Where are stratified columnar epithelium found and what are their functions?
Mammary gland ducts l
Larynx
Part of the male urethra
Protection
Secretion
Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium found on what are their functions?
Lining of the nasal cavity
Nasal sinuses
Pharynx
Trachea
Synthesize and secrete mucus into free space
Move mucus
Where is transitional epithelium found and what are its functions?
Lining of the urinary bladder
Ureters
Superior urethra
Accommodate fluctuations in volume of fluid
Protect against caustic effect of urine
What does caustic mean?
Capable of burning, corroding or cause damage to living tissue
What is connective tissue?
Tissue that supports, binds or separates more specialized tissues and organs or functions as a packing tissue of the body
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
Consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix the non-living extra cellular matrix is the basis for the classification of the subgroups
What are the three types of specialist cells found in any connective tissue?
Blasts
Cytes
Clasts
Cells with the suffix blasts have what function give examples?
Create the matrix
Fibroblasts
Osteoblasts
Cells with the suffix cyted have what function, give examples?
Maintain the matrix
Chondrocytes
Osteocytes
Cells with the suffix clasts have what function, give an example?
Breakdown the matrix for remodeling
Osteoplasts
What are the three major components of extra cellular matrix?
Protein fibres
Ground substances consisting of non-fiborous proteins and other molecules
Fluid
Where does extra cellular matrix get its functional characteristics from?
The structure
What are the three types of protein fibers in connective?
Collagen
Reticular
Elastin
Give examples of non fibrous molecules found in extracellular matrix?
Hyaluronic acid
Proteoglycans
Why is classification of connective tissue arbitrary?
The types blend into each other without transition points
What are the major categories of connective tissue?
Primarily protein fibres in the matrix
Both protein fibers and ground substances in the matrix
A fluid extracellular matrix
How are the protein fibers laid out in loose forms of fibrous connective tissue?
Lacey network of fibres with numerous fluid filled spaces
In dense forms of fibrous connective tissue how are the protein fibres laid out?
Thick bundles which almost completely fill the space
Where is areolar (loose) connective tissue found and what are its functions?
Found widely throughout the body between glands, muscles and nerves
Connects the skin to underlying tissues
Loose packing
Support
Nourishment
Where is dense regular collagenous connective tissue found and what are its functions?
Tendons and ligaments
With standing pulling forces exerted in the direction of orientation
Tensile strength
Stretch resistance
Where are dense regular elastic connective tissue found and what are its functions?
Ligaments
Between the vertebrae
Vocal cords
To stretch and recoil in the direction of the fibre orientation
Where are dense irregular collagenous connective tissues found and what are their functions?
Dermis
Serosa of body tubes
Withstand the stretch of the organ but in all directions