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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Anatomical Language > Flashcards

Anatomical Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cranial cavity formed by? What does it contain?

A

cranial bones, brain

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2
Q

What is the cranial cavity formed by? What does it contain?

A

cranial bones, brain

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3
Q

What is the vertebral cavity formed by? What does it contain?

A

vertebral column, spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves

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4
Q

What is the thoracic cavity formed by? What does it contain?

A

chest, pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum

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5
Q

Define parietal pleural

A

serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

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6
Q

Define visceral pleural

A

serous membrane that lines the outside of the lungs

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7
Q

Define parietal pericardial

A

serous membrane that lines the pericardial cavity

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8
Q

Define visceral pericardial

A

serous membrane that lines the outside of the heart

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9
Q

Define peritoneum

A

serous membrane that lines many of the abdominal organs, also comes in visceral and parietal

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10
Q

What does homeostatic imbalance lead to?

A

disease, death, and disorder

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of living things that distinguish them from nonliving things?

A

metabolism, responsiveness, movement, reproduction, growth, differentiation

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12
Q

What are the components of a feedback loop?

A

stimulus, receptor, input pathway to the brain, control center, output pathway from the brain, effector

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13
Q

Function of the digestive system

A

Digests food

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14
Q

Function of respiratory system

A

Deliver oxygen to blood, remove CO2 from the body, and maintain the acid-base balance of the blood

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15
Q

Function of the skeletal system

A

supports the framework of the body and protects internal organs, attaches to skeletal muscle and allows movement, stores minerals like calcium and phosphorous, bone marrow stores fat and makes blood cells

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16
Q

Function of the lymphatic system

A

Structural basis of the immune system, returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system

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17
Q

Function of the integumentary system

A

protects the body from the external environment, retains water, produces Vitamin D, regulates body temperature

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18
Q

Function of muscular system

A

attach to and cover the skeleton, produce movement, maintain posture and body position, stabilize joints, generates heat

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19
Q

Function of cardiovascular system

A

Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to lungs and oxygen-rich blood to tissues, removes waste from tissues, transports cells, nutrients, and other substances

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20
Q

Function of urinary system

A

Regulates total volume of h2o, concentration of solutes and ions in body, and acid-base balance, excretes metabolic waste

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21
Q

Function of reproductive system

A

Produces and transports sperm, secretes hormones, produces progestin and estrogen, produces and transports eggs, site of fetal development, lactation, and childbirth

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22
Q

Function of endocrine system

A

Interacts with nervous system to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells, secrete hormones that travel through the blood and act on target tissues

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23
Q

Function of nervous system

A

Master controlling and communicating system

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24
Q

What defines an element?

A

number of protons

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25
Q

A positively charged ion is called a

A

cation

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26
Q

A negatively charged ion is called an

A

anion

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27
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

number of protons

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28
Q

Where are protons found and what is their charge?

A

nucleus, positive

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29
Q

Where are neurons found and what is their charge?

A

nucleus, no charge

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30
Q

Where are electrons found and what is their charge?

A

orbitals around nucleus, negative

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31
Q

What is an isotope?

A

atoms of a single element that differ in the number of neutrons

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32
Q

What is an ion?

A

atom that has lost or gained an electron

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33
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2+ atoms held together by chemical bonds

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34
Q

What is a compound?

A

2+ atoms of a different kind that form a molecule

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35
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

chemical bond where atoms trade an electron with each other

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36
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

chemical bond where atoms share electrons unequally because they differ in size

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37
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

chemical bond where atoms share electrons equally

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38
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

when two other atoms bond to a hydrogen atom

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39
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Stored in the bonds of chemical substances

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40
Q

What is electrical energy?

A

Movement of ions across plasma membrane

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41
Q

What is mechanical energy?

A

Transferring from one object to another

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42
Q

What is endergonic energy transfer?

A

Input of energy from another source, products have more energy than the reactants

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43
Q

What is exergonic energy transfer?

A

Release of excess energy, reactants have more energy than the products

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44
Q

How does temperature impact a reaction?

A

higher temp, faster reaction

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45
Q

How does concentration of reactants impact a reaction?

A

higher concentration, faster reaction

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46
Q

How does particle size impact a reaction?

A

smaller particles, faster reaction

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47
Q

What is the biological catalyst?

A

enzymes

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48
Q

Why is cholesterol important to the plasma membrane?

A

Stabilizes structure of plasma membrane when temp changes to maintain fluidity

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49
Q

What is passive transport across the plasma membrane?

A

Substances cross membrane moving from higher concentration to lower concentration with no energy input from the cell needed

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50
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Substances diffuse directly through lipid bi-layer, no need for membrane protein

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51
Q

What kinds of substances use simple diffusion?

A

Mostly non-polar solutes i.e. O, C, CO2, lipids, hydrocarbons

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52
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

cross lipid bi-layer with the help of a membrane protein

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53
Q

What kinds of substances use facilitated diffusion?

A

Charged or polar solutes I.e. ions or glucose

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54
Q

What is an isotonic solution? How will cells react?

A

Solution has the same concentrations of non-penetrating solutes as those found in cells. Cells retain normal shape and exhibit no net loss or gain of water

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55
Q

What is a hypotonic solution? How will cells react?

A

Non-penetrating solute concentration of ECF is higher than inside the cells. Cells will lose water and shrivel/crenate

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56
Q

What is a hypertonic solution? How will cells react?

A

Non-penetration solute concentration of ECF is lower than inside the cells. Cells will pull water in, swell, and possibly rupture/lyse

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57
Q

What is active transport?

A

Cell provides metabolic energy (usually ATP) needed to move substances across membrane from lower concentration to higher concentration

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58
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?

A

Potassium

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59
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP results in the phosphorylation of the pump - causes the protein to change its shape and pumps the solute across the membrane

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60
Q

What is an example of primary active transport?

A

Sodium potassium pump

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61
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Uses a co-transport protein to couple the downhill movement of a solute to the uphill movement of another

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62
Q

What determines how a substance is moved through the plasma membrane?

A

type of substance, permeability of membrane to the substance, and concentration of substance in the cytosol and ECF

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63
Q

What is osmosis?

A

simple diffusion or movement of water through aquaporins through a plasma membrane

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64
Q

Why does osmosis occur?

A

To balance water concentration on either side of a plasma membrane

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65
Q

What is the driving force of osmosis?

A

osmotic pressure

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66
Q

What does a negative feedback loop do?

A

counteracts the stimulus to bring the body back into homeostasis, then it stops

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67
Q

What does a positive feedback loop do?

A

adds to the effect of a stimulus to enhance the reaction until the stimulus stops, and then the body is brought back to homeostasis

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68
Q

What is the function of the cytosol?

A

suspends substances and other organelles

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69
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

site of most cellular activities

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70
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

provide the cell with structural support and holds organelles in their places

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71
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

holds DNA and RNA, controls cellular activities

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72
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Make ATP

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73
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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74
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids made in the ER and destines for export from the cell

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75
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

holds ribosomes that manufacture proteins, manufactures phospholipids and proteins that form the cellular membranes

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76
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

stores calcium ions by pumping them out of the cytosol for future use, catalyzes lipis reactions, synthesizes cholesterol/phospholipid/steroid based hormones, detoxifes drugs/persticides/cancer causing chemicals

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77
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

digestive system

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78
Q

What is the function of the centrosome?

A

organizes the microtubules

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79
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

assist during mitosis

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80
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

beat in a whiplike fashion to move the cell, solitary

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81
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Move in unison to propel substances in one direction across cell surfaces, found in large numbers

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82
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

increase plasma membrane surface area, finger like extensions, found on absorption cells

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83
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

the process of manufacturing proteins from DNA blueprint using RNA

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84
Q

What is transcription?

A

process where the gene for a specific protein is copied, messenger RNA is creates, and it exits through a nuclear pore. Each DNA triplet is transcribed into a complementary 3-nucleotide sequence of mRNA

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85
Q

What is translation?

A

process where mRNA binds with ribosomes and they read the mRNA nucleotide sequence and synthesize a polypeptide chain consisting of the correct amino acid sequence

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86
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

cytosol

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87
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

in nucleus

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88
Q

What is the first stage of transcription and what happens?

A

Initation, promoter region is bound, RNA polymerase pries apart DNA and initiates synthesis, helicase unwinds DNA

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89
Q

What is the second stage of transcription and what happens?

A

Elongation, nucleotides are linked in correct order, double helix is rewound

90
Q

What is the third stage of transcription and what happend?

A

stop codon is reached, additional processing begins

91
Q

What is the first stage of translation and what happens?

A

initiation, tRNA binds to mRNA start codon in ribosome’s P site

92
Q

What is the second stage of translation and what happens?

A

elongation, ribosomes move along mRNA and add amino acids, peptide bonds are formed

93
Q

What is the third stage of translation and what happens?

A

termination, stop codon is reached and chain is released and separated into 2 subunits

94
Q

Where are polypeptide chains folded after translation?

A

RER

95
Q

What is cell division?

A

the process where dead or injured cells are replaced with new cells

96
Q

What does Interphase consist of?

A

growth and preparaton for cell division, G1, S and G2

97
Q

What does M phase consist of?

A

cell division, mitosis

98
Q

What is the first stage of mitosis and what happens?

A

prophase, chromatin forms chromosomes, nucleolus disintegrates, mitotic spindle forms

99
Q

What is the second stage of mitosis and what happens?

A

metaphase, spindle fibers pull chromatids in line along the middle of the cell

100
Q

What is the third stage of mitosis and what happens?

A

anaphase, centromeres split forming daughter chromosomes

101
Q

What is the fourth stage of mitosis and what happens?

A

telophase, daughter cells separate, nuclear envelope is reformed, mitotic spindle breaks

102
Q

What is the vertebral cavity formed by? What does it contain?

A

vertebral column, spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves

103
Q

What is the thoracic cavity formed by? What does it contain?

A

chest, pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum

104
Q

Define parietal pleural

A

serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

105
Q

Define visceral pleural

A

serous membrane that lines the outside of the lungs

106
Q

what is the first step of tissue repair?

A

inflammatory response

107
Q

Define visceral pericardial

A

serous membrane that lines the outside of the heart

108
Q

Define peritoneum

A

serous membrane that lines many of the abdominal organs, also comes in visceral and parietal

109
Q

What does homeostatic imbalance lead to?

A

disease, death, and disorder

110
Q

What are the characteristics of living things that distinguish them from nonliving things?

A

metabolism, responsiveness, movement, reproduction, growth, differentiation

111
Q

What are the components of a feedback loop?

A

stimulus, receptor, input pathway to the brain, control center, output pathway from the brain, effector

112
Q

Function of the digestive system

A

Digests food

113
Q

Function of respiratory system

A

Deliver oxygen to blood, remove CO2 from the body, and maintain the acid-base balance of the blood

114
Q

Function of the skeletal system

A

supports the framework of the body and protects internal organs, attaches to skeletal muscle and allows movement, stores minerals like calcium and phosphorous, bone marrow stores fat and makes blood cells

115
Q

Function of the lymphatic system

A

Structural basis of the immune system, returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system

116
Q

Function of the integumentary system

A

protects the body from the external environment, retains water, produces Vitamin D, regulates body temperature

117
Q

Function of muscular system

A

attach to and cover the skeleton, produce movement, maintain posture and body position, stabilize joints, generates heat

118
Q

Function of cardiovascular system

A

Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to lungs and oxygen-rich blood to tissues, removes waste from tissues, transports cells, nutrients, and other substances

119
Q

Function of urinary system

A

Regulates total volume of h2o, concentration of solutes and ions in body, and acid-base balance, excretes metabolic waste

120
Q

Function of reproductive system

A

Produces and transports sperm, secretes hormones, produces progestin and estrogen, produces and transports eggs, site of fetal development, lactation, and childbirth

121
Q

Function of endocrine system

A

Interacts with nervous system to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells, secrete hormones that travel through the blood and act on target tissues

122
Q

Function of nervous system

A

Master controlling and communicating system

123
Q

What defines an element?

A

number of protons

124
Q

A positively charged ion is called a

A

cation

125
Q

A negatively charged ion is called an

A

anion

126
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

number of protons

127
Q

Where are protons found and what is their charge?

A

nucleus, positive

128
Q

Where are neurons found and what is their charge?

A

nucleus, no charge

129
Q

Where are electrons found and what is their charge?

A

orbitals around nucleus, negative

130
Q

What is an isotope?

A

atoms of a single element that differ in the number of neutrons

131
Q

What is an ion?

A

atom that has lost or gained an electron

132
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2+ atoms held together by chemical bonds

133
Q

What is a compound?

A

2+ atoms of a different kind that form a molecule

134
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

chemical bond where atoms trade an electron with each other

135
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

chemical bond where atoms share electrons unequally because they differ in size

136
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

chemical bond where atoms share electrons equally

137
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

when two other atoms bond to a hydrogen atom

138
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Stored in the bonds of chemical substances

139
Q

What is electrical energy?

A

Movement of ions across plasma membrane

140
Q

What is mechanical energy?

A

Transferring from one object to another

141
Q

What is endergonic energy transfer?

A

Input of energy from another source, products have more energy than the reactants

142
Q

What is exergonic energy transfer?

A

Release of excess energy, reactants have more energy than the products

143
Q

How does temperature impact a reaction?

A

higher temp, faster reaction

144
Q

How does concentration of reactants impact a reaction?

A

higher concentration, faster reaction

145
Q

How does particle size impact a reaction?

A

smaller particles, faster reaction

146
Q

What is the biological catalyst?

A

enzymes

147
Q

Why is cholesterol important to the plasma membrane?

A

Stabilizes structure of plasma membrane when temp changes to maintain fluidity

148
Q

What is passive transport across the plasma membrane?

A

Substances cross membrane moving from higher concentration to lower concentration with no energy input from the cell needed

149
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Substances diffuse directly through lipid bi-layer, no need for membrane protein

150
Q

What kinds of substances use simple diffusion?

A

Mostly non-polar solutes i.e. O, C, CO2, lipids, hydrocarbons

151
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

cross lipid bi-layer with the help of a membrane protein

152
Q

What kinds of substances use facilitated diffusion?

A

Charged or polar solutes I.e. ions or glucose

153
Q

What is an isotonic solution? How will cells react?

A

Solution has the same concentrations of non-penetrating solutes as those found in cells. Cells retain normal shape and exhibit no net loss or gain of water

154
Q

What is a hypotonic solution? How will cells react?

A

Non-penetrating solute concentration of ECF is higher than inside the cells. Cells will lose water and shrivel/crenate

155
Q

What is a hypertonic solution? How will cells react?

A

Non-penetration solute concentration of ECF is lower than inside the cells. Cells will pull water in, swell, and possibly rupture/lyse

156
Q

What is active transport?

A

Cell provides metabolic energy (usually ATP) needed to move substances across membrane from lower concentration to higher concentration

157
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?

A

Potassium

158
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP results in the phosphorylation of the pump - causes the protein to change its shape and pumps the solute across the membrane

159
Q

What is an example of primary active transport?

A

Sodium potassium pump

160
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Uses a co-transport protein to couple the downhill movement of a solute to the uphill movement of another

161
Q

What determines how a substance is moved through the plasma membrane?

A

type of substance, permeability of membrane to the substance, and concentration of substance in the cytosol and ECF

162
Q

What is osmosis?

A

simple diffusion or movement of water through aquaporins through a plasma membrane

163
Q

Why does osmosis occur?

A

To balance water concentration on either side of a plasma membrane

164
Q

What is the driving force of osmosis?

A

osmotic pressure

165
Q

What does a negative feedback loop do?

A

counteracts the stimulus to bring the body back into homeostasis, then it stops

166
Q

What does a positive feedback loop do?

A

adds to the effect of a stimulus to enhance the reaction until the stimulus stops, and then the body is brought back to homeostasis

167
Q

What is the function of the cytosol?

A

suspends substances and other organelles

168
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

site of most cellular activities

169
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

provide the cell with structural support and holds organelles in their places

170
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

holds DNA and RNA, controls cellular activities

171
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Make ATP

172
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

173
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids made in the ER and destines for export from the cell

174
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

holds ribosomes that manufacture proteins, manufactures phospholipids and proteins that form the cellular membranes

175
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

stores calcium ions by pumping them out of the cytosol for future use, catalyzes lipis reactions, synthesizes cholesterol/phospholipid/steroid based hormones, detoxifes drugs/persticides/cancer causing chemicals

176
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

digestive system

177
Q

What is the function of the centrosome?

A

organizes the microtubules

178
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

assist during mitosis

179
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

beat in a whiplike fashion to move the cell, solitary

180
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Move in unison to propel substances in one direction across cell surfaces, found in large numbers

181
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

increase plasma membrane surface area, finger like extensions, found on absorption cells

182
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

the process of manufacturing proteins from DNA blueprint using RNA

183
Q

What is transcription?

A

process where the gene for a specific protein is copied, messenger RNA is creates, and it exits through a nuclear pore. Each DNA triplet is transcribed into a complementary 3-nucleotide sequence of mRNA

184
Q

What is translation?

A

process where mRNA binds with ribosomes and they read the mRNA nucleotide sequence and synthesize a polypeptide chain consisting of the correct amino acid sequence

185
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

cytosol

186
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

in nucleus

187
Q

What is the first stage of transcription and what happens?

A

Initation, promoter region is bound, RNA polymerase pries apart DNA and initiates synthesis, helicase unwinds DNA

188
Q

What is the second stage of transcription and what happens?

A

Elongation, nucleotides are linked in correct order, double helix is rewound

189
Q

What is the third stage of transcription and what happend?

A

stop codon is reached, additional processing begins

190
Q

What is the first stage of translation and what happens?

A

initiation, tRNA binds to mRNA start codon in ribosome’s P site

191
Q

What is the second stage of translation and what happens?

A

elongation, ribosomes move along mRNA and add amino acids, peptide bonds are formed

192
Q

What is the third stage of translation and what happens?

A

termination, stop codon is reached and chain is released and separated into 2 subunits

193
Q

Where are polypeptide chains folded after translation?

A

RER

194
Q

What is cell division?

A

the process where dead or injured cells are replaced with new cells

195
Q

What does Interphase consist of?

A

growth and preparaton for cell division, G1, S and G2

196
Q

What does M phase consist of?

A

cell division, mitosis

197
Q

What is the first stage of mitosis and what happens?

A

prophase, chromatin forms chromosomes, nucleolus disintegrates, mitotic spindle forms

198
Q

What is the second stage of mitosis and what happens?

A

metaphase, spindle fibers pull chromatids in line along the middle of the cell

199
Q

What is the third stage of mitosis and what happens?

A

anaphase, centromeres split forming daughter chromosomes

200
Q

What is the fourth stage of mitosis and what happens?

A

telophase, daughter cells separate, nuclear envelope is reformed, mitotic spindle breaks

201
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

cleavage furrow develops, cell contents are divided between the two daughter cells, cytoplasmic division

202
Q

How does nervous tissue heal?

A

fibrosis, neuroglial cells replace dead and damaged neurons with scaar tissue

203
Q

How does smooth muscle heal?

A

regeneration

204
Q

How does cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue heal?

A

fibrosis

205
Q

How does connective tissue heal?

A

most by regeneration, cartilage by fibrosis

206
Q

What do tissues depend on for regeneration?

A

collagen, vitamin C, and blood supply

207
Q

what is the first step of tissue repair?

A

inflammatory response

208
Q

Which epidermal layer is only in thick skin?

A

stratum lucidum

209
Q

Which epidermal layer provides skin with its waterproof property?

A

stratum granulosum

210
Q

What is the superficial layer of the dermis and what is it made of?

A

papillary layer, loose connective tissue

211
Q

What is the deep layer of the dermis and what is it made of?

A

reticular layer, dense irregular connective tissue

212
Q

What is formed from intramembranous ossification?

A

cranial bones and clavicles

213
Q

What is formed from endochondral ossification?

A

all bones below the base of skull except the clavicles

214
Q

when does intramembranous ossifications start?

A

8th week of fetal development

215
Q

what does intranmembranous ossification do?

A

replaces connective tissue membrane with bone

216
Q

what does endochondral ossification do?

A

replaces hyaline cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus

217
Q

what cells does endochondral ossification begin with?

A

mesenchymal cells

218
Q

how do long bones grow longitudinally?

A

epiphyseal plate grows and is replaced by bone through endochondral ossification

219
Q

when does longitudinal growth occur?

A

up to ages 18-21

220
Q

what is appositional growth?

A

growth in width/thickness of bone

221
Q

what are the steps of bone repair?

A

Reactive process
Early inflammatory phase
Fracture hematoma forms
Blood vessels in bone and periosteum are torn, blood clots form hematoma

Reparative phase = formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first and a bony callus second
New blood vessels grow into clot and fibroblasts/chondroblasts invade and produce collagen fibers and collagenous matrix that will later calcify into soft callus
Osteoblasts begin to form spongy bone and begin to lay down trabeculae of new bone around soft callus, which is replaced by immature bone and changing it into a bony callus

Bone remodeling = last step as bony callus is remodeled
Primary bone replaced by secondary bone
Bony callus is absorbed

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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