Anatomical Language Flashcards
1
Q
What is the cranial cavity formed by? What does it contain?
A
cranial bones, brain
2
Q
What is the cranial cavity formed by? What does it contain?
A
cranial bones, brain
3
Q
What is the vertebral cavity formed by? What does it contain?
A
vertebral column, spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves
4
Q
What is the thoracic cavity formed by? What does it contain?
A
chest, pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
5
Q
Define parietal pleural
A
serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
6
Q
Define visceral pleural
A
serous membrane that lines the outside of the lungs
7
Q
Define parietal pericardial
A
serous membrane that lines the pericardial cavity
8
Q
Define visceral pericardial
A
serous membrane that lines the outside of the heart
9
Q
Define peritoneum
A
serous membrane that lines many of the abdominal organs, also comes in visceral and parietal
10
Q
What does homeostatic imbalance lead to?
A
disease, death, and disorder
11
Q
What are the characteristics of living things that distinguish them from nonliving things?
A
metabolism, responsiveness, movement, reproduction, growth, differentiation
12
Q
What are the components of a feedback loop?
A
stimulus, receptor, input pathway to the brain, control center, output pathway from the brain, effector
13
Q
Function of the digestive system
A
Digests food
14
Q
Function of respiratory system
A
Deliver oxygen to blood, remove CO2 from the body, and maintain the acid-base balance of the blood
15
Q
Function of the skeletal system
A
supports the framework of the body and protects internal organs, attaches to skeletal muscle and allows movement, stores minerals like calcium and phosphorous, bone marrow stores fat and makes blood cells
16
Q
Function of the lymphatic system
A
Structural basis of the immune system, returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
17
Q
Function of the integumentary system
A
protects the body from the external environment, retains water, produces Vitamin D, regulates body temperature
18
Q
Function of muscular system
A
attach to and cover the skeleton, produce movement, maintain posture and body position, stabilize joints, generates heat
19
Q
Function of cardiovascular system
A
Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to lungs and oxygen-rich blood to tissues, removes waste from tissues, transports cells, nutrients, and other substances
20
Q
Function of urinary system
A
Regulates total volume of h2o, concentration of solutes and ions in body, and acid-base balance, excretes metabolic waste
21
Q
Function of reproductive system
A
Produces and transports sperm, secretes hormones, produces progestin and estrogen, produces and transports eggs, site of fetal development, lactation, and childbirth
22
Q
Function of endocrine system
A
Interacts with nervous system to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells, secrete hormones that travel through the blood and act on target tissues
23
Q
Function of nervous system
A
Master controlling and communicating system
24
Q
What defines an element?
A
number of protons
25
A positively charged ion is called a
cation
26
A negatively charged ion is called an
anion
27
What is the atomic number?
number of protons
28
Where are protons found and what is their charge?
nucleus, positive
29
Where are neurons found and what is their charge?
nucleus, no charge
30
Where are electrons found and what is their charge?
orbitals around nucleus, negative
31
What is an isotope?
atoms of a single element that differ in the number of neutrons
32
What is an ion?
atom that has lost or gained an electron
33
What is a molecule?
2+ atoms held together by chemical bonds
34
What is a compound?
2+ atoms of a different kind that form a molecule
35
What is an ionic bond?
chemical bond where atoms trade an electron with each other
36
What is a polar covalent bond?
chemical bond where atoms share electrons unequally because they differ in size
37
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
chemical bond where atoms share electrons equally
38
What is a hydrogen bond?
when two other atoms bond to a hydrogen atom
39
What is chemical energy?
Stored in the bonds of chemical substances
40
What is electrical energy?
Movement of ions across plasma membrane
41
What is mechanical energy?
Transferring from one object to another
42
What is endergonic energy transfer?
Input of energy from another source, products have more energy than the reactants
43
What is exergonic energy transfer?
Release of excess energy, reactants have more energy than the products
44
How does temperature impact a reaction?
higher temp, faster reaction
45
How does concentration of reactants impact a reaction?
higher concentration, faster reaction
46
How does particle size impact a reaction?
smaller particles, faster reaction
47
What is the biological catalyst?
enzymes
48
Why is cholesterol important to the plasma membrane?
Stabilizes structure of plasma membrane when temp changes to maintain fluidity
49
What is passive transport across the plasma membrane?
Substances cross membrane moving from higher concentration to lower concentration with no energy input from the cell needed
50
What is simple diffusion?
Substances diffuse directly through lipid bi-layer, no need for membrane protein
51
What kinds of substances use simple diffusion?
Mostly non-polar solutes i.e. O, C, CO2, lipids, hydrocarbons
52
What is facilitated diffusion?
cross lipid bi-layer with the help of a membrane protein
53
What kinds of substances use facilitated diffusion?
Charged or polar solutes I.e. ions or glucose
54
What is an isotonic solution? How will cells react?
Solution has the same concentrations of non-penetrating solutes as those found in cells. Cells retain normal shape and exhibit no net loss or gain of water
55
What is a hypotonic solution? How will cells react?
Non-penetrating solute concentration of ECF is higher than inside the cells. Cells will lose water and shrivel/crenate
56
What is a hypertonic solution? How will cells react?
Non-penetration solute concentration of ECF is lower than inside the cells. Cells will pull water in, swell, and possibly rupture/lyse
57
What is active transport?
Cell provides metabolic energy (usually ATP) needed to move substances across membrane from lower concentration to higher concentration
58
What is the major intracellular cation?
Potassium
59
What is primary active transport?
Hydrolysis of ATP results in the phosphorylation of the pump - causes the protein to change its shape and pumps the solute across the membrane
60
What is an example of primary active transport?
Sodium potassium pump
61
What is secondary active transport?
Uses a co-transport protein to couple the downhill movement of a solute to the uphill movement of another
62
What determines how a substance is moved through the plasma membrane?
type of substance, permeability of membrane to the substance, and concentration of substance in the cytosol and ECF
63
What is osmosis?
simple diffusion or movement of water through aquaporins through a plasma membrane
64
Why does osmosis occur?
To balance water concentration on either side of a plasma membrane
65
What is the driving force of osmosis?
osmotic pressure
66
What does a negative feedback loop do?
counteracts the stimulus to bring the body back into homeostasis, then it stops
67
What does a positive feedback loop do?
adds to the effect of a stimulus to enhance the reaction until the stimulus stops, and then the body is brought back to homeostasis
68
What is the function of the cytosol?
suspends substances and other organelles
69
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
site of most cellular activities
70
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
provide the cell with structural support and holds organelles in their places
71
What is the function of the nucleus?
holds DNA and RNA, controls cellular activities
72
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Make ATP
73
What is the function of ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis
74
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids made in the ER and destines for export from the cell
75
What is the function of the RER?
holds ribosomes that manufacture proteins, manufactures phospholipids and proteins that form the cellular membranes
76
What is the function of the SER?
stores calcium ions by pumping them out of the cytosol for future use, catalyzes lipis reactions, synthesizes cholesterol/phospholipid/steroid based hormones, detoxifes drugs/persticides/cancer causing chemicals
77
What is the function of the lysosome?
digestive system
78
What is the function of the centrosome?
organizes the microtubules
79
What is the function of microtubules?
assist during mitosis
80
What is the function of flagella?
beat in a whiplike fashion to move the cell, solitary
81
What is the function of cilia?
Move in unison to propel substances in one direction across cell surfaces, found in large numbers
82
What is the function of microvilli?
increase plasma membrane surface area, finger like extensions, found on absorption cells
83
What is protein synthesis?
the process of manufacturing proteins from DNA blueprint using RNA
84
What is transcription?
process where the gene for a specific protein is copied, messenger RNA is creates, and it exits through a nuclear pore. Each DNA triplet is transcribed into a complementary 3-nucleotide sequence of mRNA
85
What is translation?
process where mRNA binds with ribosomes and they read the mRNA nucleotide sequence and synthesize a polypeptide chain consisting of the correct amino acid sequence
86
Where does translation occur?
cytosol
87
Where does transcription occur?
in nucleus
88
What is the first stage of transcription and what happens?
Initation, promoter region is bound, RNA polymerase pries apart DNA and initiates synthesis, helicase unwinds DNA
89
What is the second stage of transcription and what happens?
Elongation, nucleotides are linked in correct order, double helix is rewound
90
What is the third stage of transcription and what happend?
stop codon is reached, additional processing begins
91
What is the first stage of translation and what happens?
initiation, tRNA binds to mRNA start codon in ribosome's P site
92
What is the second stage of translation and what happens?
elongation, ribosomes move along mRNA and add amino acids, peptide bonds are formed
93
What is the third stage of translation and what happens?
termination, stop codon is reached and chain is released and separated into 2 subunits
94
Where are polypeptide chains folded after translation?
RER
95
What is cell division?
the process where dead or injured cells are replaced with new cells
96
What does Interphase consist of?
growth and preparaton for cell division, G1, S and G2
97
What does M phase consist of?
cell division, mitosis
98
What is the first stage of mitosis and what happens?
prophase, chromatin forms chromosomes, nucleolus disintegrates, mitotic spindle forms
99
What is the second stage of mitosis and what happens?
metaphase, spindle fibers pull chromatids in line along the middle of the cell
100
What is the third stage of mitosis and what happens?
anaphase, centromeres split forming daughter chromosomes
101
What is the fourth stage of mitosis and what happens?
telophase, daughter cells separate, nuclear envelope is reformed, mitotic spindle breaks
102
What is the vertebral cavity formed by? What does it contain?
vertebral column, spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves
103
What is the thoracic cavity formed by? What does it contain?
chest, pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
104
Define parietal pleural
serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
105
Define visceral pleural
serous membrane that lines the outside of the lungs
106
what is the first step of tissue repair?
inflammatory response
107
Define visceral pericardial
serous membrane that lines the outside of the heart
108
Define peritoneum
serous membrane that lines many of the abdominal organs, also comes in visceral and parietal
109
What does homeostatic imbalance lead to?
disease, death, and disorder
110
What are the characteristics of living things that distinguish them from nonliving things?
metabolism, responsiveness, movement, reproduction, growth, differentiation
111
What are the components of a feedback loop?
stimulus, receptor, input pathway to the brain, control center, output pathway from the brain, effector
112
Function of the digestive system
Digests food
113
Function of respiratory system
Deliver oxygen to blood, remove CO2 from the body, and maintain the acid-base balance of the blood
114
Function of the skeletal system
supports the framework of the body and protects internal organs, attaches to skeletal muscle and allows movement, stores minerals like calcium and phosphorous, bone marrow stores fat and makes blood cells
115
Function of the lymphatic system
Structural basis of the immune system, returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
116
Function of the integumentary system
protects the body from the external environment, retains water, produces Vitamin D, regulates body temperature
117
Function of muscular system
attach to and cover the skeleton, produce movement, maintain posture and body position, stabilize joints, generates heat
118
Function of cardiovascular system
Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to lungs and oxygen-rich blood to tissues, removes waste from tissues, transports cells, nutrients, and other substances
119
Function of urinary system
Regulates total volume of h2o, concentration of solutes and ions in body, and acid-base balance, excretes metabolic waste
120
Function of reproductive system
Produces and transports sperm, secretes hormones, produces progestin and estrogen, produces and transports eggs, site of fetal development, lactation, and childbirth
121
Function of endocrine system
Interacts with nervous system to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells, secrete hormones that travel through the blood and act on target tissues
122
Function of nervous system
Master controlling and communicating system
123
What defines an element?
number of protons
124
A positively charged ion is called a
cation
125
A negatively charged ion is called an
anion
126
What is the atomic number?
number of protons
127
Where are protons found and what is their charge?
nucleus, positive
128
Where are neurons found and what is their charge?
nucleus, no charge
129
Where are electrons found and what is their charge?
orbitals around nucleus, negative
130
What is an isotope?
atoms of a single element that differ in the number of neutrons
131
What is an ion?
atom that has lost or gained an electron
132
What is a molecule?
2+ atoms held together by chemical bonds
133
What is a compound?
2+ atoms of a different kind that form a molecule
134
What is an ionic bond?
chemical bond where atoms trade an electron with each other
135
What is a polar covalent bond?
chemical bond where atoms share electrons unequally because they differ in size
136
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
chemical bond where atoms share electrons equally
137
What is a hydrogen bond?
when two other atoms bond to a hydrogen atom
138
What is chemical energy?
Stored in the bonds of chemical substances
139
What is electrical energy?
Movement of ions across plasma membrane
140
What is mechanical energy?
Transferring from one object to another
141
What is endergonic energy transfer?
Input of energy from another source, products have more energy than the reactants
142
What is exergonic energy transfer?
Release of excess energy, reactants have more energy than the products
143
How does temperature impact a reaction?
higher temp, faster reaction
144
How does concentration of reactants impact a reaction?
higher concentration, faster reaction
145
How does particle size impact a reaction?
smaller particles, faster reaction
146
What is the biological catalyst?
enzymes
147
Why is cholesterol important to the plasma membrane?
Stabilizes structure of plasma membrane when temp changes to maintain fluidity
148
What is passive transport across the plasma membrane?
Substances cross membrane moving from higher concentration to lower concentration with no energy input from the cell needed
149
What is simple diffusion?
Substances diffuse directly through lipid bi-layer, no need for membrane protein
150
What kinds of substances use simple diffusion?
Mostly non-polar solutes i.e. O, C, CO2, lipids, hydrocarbons
151
What is facilitated diffusion?
cross lipid bi-layer with the help of a membrane protein
152
What kinds of substances use facilitated diffusion?
Charged or polar solutes I.e. ions or glucose
153
What is an isotonic solution? How will cells react?
Solution has the same concentrations of non-penetrating solutes as those found in cells. Cells retain normal shape and exhibit no net loss or gain of water
154
What is a hypotonic solution? How will cells react?
Non-penetrating solute concentration of ECF is higher than inside the cells. Cells will lose water and shrivel/crenate
155
What is a hypertonic solution? How will cells react?
Non-penetration solute concentration of ECF is lower than inside the cells. Cells will pull water in, swell, and possibly rupture/lyse
156
What is active transport?
Cell provides metabolic energy (usually ATP) needed to move substances across membrane from lower concentration to higher concentration
157
What is the major intracellular cation?
Potassium
158
What is primary active transport?
Hydrolysis of ATP results in the phosphorylation of the pump - causes the protein to change its shape and pumps the solute across the membrane
159
What is an example of primary active transport?
Sodium potassium pump
160
What is secondary active transport?
Uses a co-transport protein to couple the downhill movement of a solute to the uphill movement of another
161
What determines how a substance is moved through the plasma membrane?
type of substance, permeability of membrane to the substance, and concentration of substance in the cytosol and ECF
162
What is osmosis?
simple diffusion or movement of water through aquaporins through a plasma membrane
163
Why does osmosis occur?
To balance water concentration on either side of a plasma membrane
164
What is the driving force of osmosis?
osmotic pressure
165
What does a negative feedback loop do?
counteracts the stimulus to bring the body back into homeostasis, then it stops
166
What does a positive feedback loop do?
adds to the effect of a stimulus to enhance the reaction until the stimulus stops, and then the body is brought back to homeostasis
167
What is the function of the cytosol?
suspends substances and other organelles
168
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
site of most cellular activities
169
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
provide the cell with structural support and holds organelles in their places
170
What is the function of the nucleus?
holds DNA and RNA, controls cellular activities
171
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Make ATP
172
What is the function of ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis
173
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids made in the ER and destines for export from the cell
174
What is the function of the RER?
holds ribosomes that manufacture proteins, manufactures phospholipids and proteins that form the cellular membranes
175
What is the function of the SER?
stores calcium ions by pumping them out of the cytosol for future use, catalyzes lipis reactions, synthesizes cholesterol/phospholipid/steroid based hormones, detoxifes drugs/persticides/cancer causing chemicals
176
What is the function of the lysosome?
digestive system
177
What is the function of the centrosome?
organizes the microtubules
178
What is the function of microtubules?
assist during mitosis
179
What is the function of flagella?
beat in a whiplike fashion to move the cell, solitary
180
What is the function of cilia?
Move in unison to propel substances in one direction across cell surfaces, found in large numbers
181
What is the function of microvilli?
increase plasma membrane surface area, finger like extensions, found on absorption cells
182
What is protein synthesis?
the process of manufacturing proteins from DNA blueprint using RNA
183
What is transcription?
process where the gene for a specific protein is copied, messenger RNA is creates, and it exits through a nuclear pore. Each DNA triplet is transcribed into a complementary 3-nucleotide sequence of mRNA
184
What is translation?
process where mRNA binds with ribosomes and they read the mRNA nucleotide sequence and synthesize a polypeptide chain consisting of the correct amino acid sequence
185
Where does translation occur?
cytosol
186
Where does transcription occur?
in nucleus
187
What is the first stage of transcription and what happens?
Initation, promoter region is bound, RNA polymerase pries apart DNA and initiates synthesis, helicase unwinds DNA
188
What is the second stage of transcription and what happens?
Elongation, nucleotides are linked in correct order, double helix is rewound
189
What is the third stage of transcription and what happend?
stop codon is reached, additional processing begins
190
What is the first stage of translation and what happens?
initiation, tRNA binds to mRNA start codon in ribosome's P site
191
What is the second stage of translation and what happens?
elongation, ribosomes move along mRNA and add amino acids, peptide bonds are formed
192
What is the third stage of translation and what happens?
termination, stop codon is reached and chain is released and separated into 2 subunits
193
Where are polypeptide chains folded after translation?
RER
194
What is cell division?
the process where dead or injured cells are replaced with new cells
195
What does Interphase consist of?
growth and preparaton for cell division, G1, S and G2
196
What does M phase consist of?
cell division, mitosis
197
What is the first stage of mitosis and what happens?
prophase, chromatin forms chromosomes, nucleolus disintegrates, mitotic spindle forms
198
What is the second stage of mitosis and what happens?
metaphase, spindle fibers pull chromatids in line along the middle of the cell
199
What is the third stage of mitosis and what happens?
anaphase, centromeres split forming daughter chromosomes
200
What is the fourth stage of mitosis and what happens?
telophase, daughter cells separate, nuclear envelope is reformed, mitotic spindle breaks
201
What is cytokinesis?
cleavage furrow develops, cell contents are divided between the two daughter cells, cytoplasmic division
202
How does nervous tissue heal?
fibrosis, neuroglial cells replace dead and damaged neurons with scaar tissue
203
How does smooth muscle heal?
regeneration
204
How does cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue heal?
fibrosis
205
How does connective tissue heal?
most by regeneration, cartilage by fibrosis
206
What do tissues depend on for regeneration?
collagen, vitamin C, and blood supply
207
what is the first step of tissue repair?
inflammatory response
208
Which epidermal layer is only in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
209
Which epidermal layer provides skin with its waterproof property?
stratum granulosum
210
What is the superficial layer of the dermis and what is it made of?
papillary layer, loose connective tissue
211
What is the deep layer of the dermis and what is it made of?
reticular layer, dense irregular connective tissue
212
What is formed from intramembranous ossification?
cranial bones and clavicles
213
What is formed from endochondral ossification?
all bones below the base of skull except the clavicles
214
when does intramembranous ossifications start?
8th week of fetal development
215
what does intranmembranous ossification do?
replaces connective tissue membrane with bone
216
what does endochondral ossification do?
replaces hyaline cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus
217
what cells does endochondral ossification begin with?
mesenchymal cells
218
how do long bones grow longitudinally?
epiphyseal plate grows and is replaced by bone through endochondral ossification
219
when does longitudinal growth occur?
up to ages 18-21
220
what is appositional growth?
growth in width/thickness of bone
221
what are the steps of bone repair?
Reactive process
Early inflammatory phase
Fracture hematoma forms
Blood vessels in bone and periosteum are torn, blood clots form hematoma
Reparative phase = formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first and a bony callus second
New blood vessels grow into clot and fibroblasts/chondroblasts invade and produce collagen fibers and collagenous matrix that will later calcify into soft callus
Osteoblasts begin to form spongy bone and begin to lay down trabeculae of new bone around soft callus, which is replaced by immature bone and changing it into a bony callus
Bone remodeling = last step as bony callus is remodeled
Primary bone replaced by secondary bone
Bony callus is absorbed
