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mbb1 - neuroscience > anatomical and functional division of the brain > Flashcards

anatomical and functional division of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

what is rostral/anterior

A

toward the front

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2
Q

what is caudal/posterior

A

toward the back

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3
Q

what is dorsal/superior

A

toward the top

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4
Q

what is ventral/inferior

A

toward the bottom

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5
Q

what is the neural axes

A

an imaginary line drawn through spinal cord toward front of brain

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6
Q

what is lateral

A

toward the side

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7
Q

what is medial

A

toward the midline

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8
Q

what is ipsilateral

A

same side of the midline

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9
Q

what is contralateral

A

opposite side of the midline

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10
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

large bundle of axons that connect two hemispheres

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11
Q

what are the contralateral parts of the corpus callosum

A

homotopic and heterotopic

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12
Q

what is homotopic

A

connects complementary region of other hemisphere

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13
Q

what is heterotopic

A

communicates to a different brain regions

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14
Q

what is a callostomy

A

procedure to cut the corpus callosum to stop severe epileptic seizures and prevents communication between hemispheres

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15
Q

what are the three subdivisions of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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16
Q

what are the subdivisions of the forebrain

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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17
Q

what is the subdivision of the midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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18
Q

what are the subdivisions of the hindbrain

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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19
Q

what are subdivisions of the telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

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20
Q

what are the subdivisions of the diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

21
Q

what is the subdivision of the mesencephalon

A

tectum/tegmentum

22
Q

what are the subdivisions of the metencephalon

A

cerebellum, pons

23
Q

what is the subdivision of the myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

24
Q

what is the cerebral cortex and what does it do

A
  • largest structure of the human brain
  • divided into two hemispheres
  • inner ‘white matter’ is pale because it has a high proportion of axon fibres covered in fatty myelin layer
  • outer ‘grey matter’ where the neurons synapse and connect together
25
Q

what is the basal ganglia and what does it do

A
  • responsible for controlling involuntary movement, particular aspects that are highly automatised or involuntary
  • Parkinson’s disease is an example of when this is dysfunctional
26
Q

what is the limbic system and what does it do

A
  • Papez proposed an emotion circuit in the brain
  • McLean included hypothalamus, thalamus, cingulate gyrus, fornix, hippocampus, amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex and some nuclei of the basal ganglia
  • limbic system describes emtional circuit in the brain but has shortcomings
  • amygdala plays crucial role in emotion but the hippocampus and parts of the surrounding cortex are involved in learning and memory
27
Q

what is the thalamus and what does it do

A
  • major relay station for sensory inputs to cerebral cortex
  • divided into several nuclei
28
Q

what is the hypothalamus and what does it do

A
  • controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine (hormone) system
  • regulates survival behaviours (fighting, feeding, fleeing, mating)
29
Q

what does the midbrain part of the mesencephalon do

A
  • located in the brain stem
  • at very top of brainstem and sits directly above hindbrain
  • connects the pons and cerebellum with forebrain
  • plays important role in motor movement particularly movement of the eye and auditory and visual processing
30
Q

what is the cerebellum in metencephalon and what does it do

A
  • includes cerebellum - receives info from visual, auditory, somatosensory and vestibular systems helps coordination of movement
  • damage to cerebellum - causes problems with jerky, poorly coordinated movements and problems maintaining balance
31
Q

what is the pons in the metencephalon and what does it do

A
  • lies on the ventral surface of the brainstem
  • contains several nuclei important for regulating sleep and arousal
  • relays information from cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
32
Q

what is the myelencephalon and what do it do

A
  • AKA medulla oblongata (medulla)
  • links hindbrain to the spinal cord and contains neurons important for autonomic functions like respirations and heart rate
33
Q

what are the seven lobes of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. frontal lobe
  2. central sulcus
  3. parietal lobe
  4. parieto-occipital sulcus
  5. occipital lobe
  6. pre-occipital notch
  7. temporal lobe
34
Q

where is the primary visual cortex

A
  • medial and lateral parts of the occipital cortex/lobe at posterior of the brain
35
Q

what does the primary visual cortext do

A
  • receives sensory info from retina
  • the left and right visual fields are each projected to the contralateral hemisphere
  • light stimulus stimulate the corresponding area of the retina within each eye
36
Q

how are the different regions of the retina represented

A
  • represented by different areas within the primary visual cortex
  • areas further out in peripheral vision are processed by areas of the visual cortex that extend into the calcarine fissure
37
Q

what do primary visual cortex neurons show

A

orientation selectivity
- Hubel and Wiesel won the nobel prize in 1981 for this

38
Q

what does the parietal lobe do

A
  • involved in attention and spatial awareness
  • sits on the dorsal surface of cortex and referred to as part of the dorsal stream and ‘where’ pathway
39
Q

what is the other nickname for the parietal lobe and why

A

where pathway - because it deals with spatial localisation

40
Q

what is the role of temporal lobe

A
  • auditory processing
  • involved in more complex visual processing
41
Q

what is the nickname for temporal lobe and why

A

what pathway - named for its role in complex object recognition

42
Q

what is the primary auditory cortex and where

A
  • superior part of the temporal cortex as well as a patch in Sylvian fissure
  • receives auditory sensory information from the cochlea
  • different frequencies are represented by different areas within the primary auditory cortex, forming a tonotopic map
43
Q

what is the primary somatosensory cortex and where

A
  • located immediately posterior to central sulcus
  • reveives sensory information from skin (temp, touch and pain)
  • different regions of skin surface represented by different areas along the strip of cortex
  • forms a somatotopic map (face and hands are overrepresented - looks like a charicature)
44
Q

what is the primary somatosensory cortex and where

A
  • located immediately posterior to central sulcus
  • reveives sensory information from skin (temp, touch and pain)
  • different regions of skin surface represented by different areas along the strip of cortex
  • forms a somatotopic map (face and hands are overrepresented - looks like a caricature)
45
Q

what is the primary motor cortex amd wjere

A
  • located in precentral gyrus immediately anterior to central sulcus
  • different parts send signals that control different groups of voluntary muscles
  • controls muscles on opposite (contralateral) sides of the body
46
Q

what is different about human frontal lobe?

A
  • relatively larger than nonprimates
  • higher level of connectivity with rest of the brain
47
Q

what is the frontal lobe’s higher order of functions

A
  • voluntary, controlled behaviour
  • impulse control and emotional regulation
  • abstract reasoning and planning
  • social cognition
  • language
48
Q

what happened to Phineas Gage - frontal lobe damage

A
  • railway foreman in Virginia had an accident involving tamping iron
  • survived profound damage to frontal lobe behavioural changes
    - personality change, angry, impatient,
    obstinate, capricious, unable to plan for the
    future, unable to make decisions

mbb1 - neuroscience (6 decks)

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