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Urinary Tract Physiology > Anatomic Overview of the Kidneys > Flashcards

Anatomic Overview of the Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 parts of the kidney

A
  1. glomeruli 2. tubules 3. interstitium 4. vascular
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2
Q

Name some functions of the nephron (4)

A
  1. fine tuning of substances 2. produce filtrate 3. add and subtract large volumes of substances 4. reabsorb (conserve) water
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3
Q

Where are the kidneys?

A
  • retroperitoneal with right kidney more cranial than left kidney - dogs: right kidney attached - cats: kidneys pendulous and moveable
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4
Q

The renal pelvis is an extension of what?

A

the proximal ureter

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5
Q

What collects in the renal pelvis?

A

urine

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6
Q

Is there peristalsis in the ureter?

A

yes!

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7
Q

Which area of the kidney receives the most cardiac output?

A

renal cortex (4-5 ml/min/kg)

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8
Q

What is the total percentage of cardiac output that the kidneys receive?

A

20-25%

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9
Q

Renal vessel sequence

A

renal artery - dorsal and ventral rami - interlobar arteries - arcuate arteries - interlobular arteries - afferent arterioles - glomerular capillaries - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries - vasa recta - 2nd capillary bed - venous return

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10
Q

Why do the kidneys receive such a large proportion of the cardiac output? A. Because the kidneys have an unusually high demand for oxygen B. Because it permits the kidneys to produce a large quantity of glomerular filtrate C. So that the kidneys can monitor adequacy of the red blood cell mass D. All of the above

A

B. Because it permits the kidneys to produce a large quantity of glomerular filtrate

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11
Q

What are the two sphincters of the glomerular capillary bed?

A
  1. pre-glomerular capillary sphincter 2. post-glomerular capillary sphincter
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12
Q

How many nephrons make up a kidney in the cat and in the dog?

A

cat: 200,000 dog: 500,000

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13
Q
A
  1. glomerulus
  2. proximal convoluted tubule
  3. proximal straight tubule
  4. thin descendling limb (loop of Henle)
  5. thin ascending limb (loop of Henle)
  6. thick ascending limb
  7. macula densa
  8. distal convoluted tubule
  9. connecting tubule (distal straight tubule?)
  10. cortical collecting duct
  11. medullary collecting duct
  12. papillary duct
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14
Q

What is unique to the renal cortex?

A

glomeruli!

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15
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule

glomerulus

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16
Q

What makes up the glomerular filtration barrier?

A

endothelium

basement membrane

podocytes

17
Q

The area between podocyte foot processes is known as what?

A

slit diaphragm

18
Q

Which of the following are components of the glomerular filter?

A. The glomerular basement membrane

B. The endothelial cells

C. The epithelial cells

D. All of the above

E. A and B

F. A and C

G. B and C

A

D. All of the above

19
Q

Name the 2 principal sites of ultrafiltration

A

glomerular basement membrane

slit processes of the podocytes

20
Q

What is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules?

A

amino acids

glucose

HCO3

phosphate

Na+

21
Q

Explain absorption and excretion in descending limb of loop of Henle

A

water reabsorbed

Na+ excreted into tubule

22
Q

What is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle?

A

Na+

(impermeable to water!)

23
Q

Explain absorption and excretion in the distal tubules

A

fine tuning absorption and excretion of the following:

Na+

K+

Ca2+

H+

24
Q

What is reabsorbed in the collecting duct?

A

water

25
Q

What characteristics of the proximal tubules facilitate reabsorption?

A
  • apical intercellular tight junctions
  • apical membrane brush border (microvilli)
  • basolateral intercellular interdigitations
  • prominent mitochondria associated with infoldings of basolateral membranes
26
Q

Where are the juxtaglomerular cells located?

A

in the afferent arteriole

27
Q

Where is the macula densa located?

A

in between the afferent and efferent arterioles

28
Q

What are the two types of cells in the collecting duct?

A

principal cells

intercalated cells

29
Q

What influences water balance in the collecting duct?

A

ADH

Urinary Tract Physiology (9 decks)

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