Anato-Physio 2

Question 1

Axial Skeleton

Answer 1

Consists of the:

Skull (14 facial, 14 cranial)
Vertebral column (5 subsections)
12 pairs of ribs
Sternum

Question 2

5 subsections of the Vertebral Column

Answer 2

7 cervical vertebrae
C1-C7

12 thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12

5 lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5

5 sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
fused

coccygeal vertebrae (tailbone)
coccyx

Question 3

Upper section of the Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 3

Girdles and limbs

Consists of:
Pectoral/shoulder girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
Upper extremity
Bones of the arm:
-humerus
-radius
-ulna
-carpal (wrist)
-metacarpals (hand)
-phalanges (fingers)

Question 4

Lower portion of the Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 4

Pelvic girdle/os coxae

each of the os coxae consists of:
fused ilium
ischium
pubis
bones of the lower extremity:
-femur (thighbone)
-tibia
-fibula
-tarsals (ankle bones)
-metatarsals (foot)

Question 5

Muscle contraction

Answer 5

muscles produce movement by contracting in response to nervous stimulation

Muscle contraction =
actin + myosin filaments
sliding together within cell/fiber

Each muscle -> myofibrils -> sacromeres

Question 6

For a muscle to contract, you need:

Answer 6

Calcium and ATP

Question 7

Process of muscle contraction

Answer 7

Nervous stimulation from motor neurons = release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium ions attach to inhibitory proteins on actin filaments moving them aside so cross-bridges can form between actin and myosin filaments

ATP energy -> filaments sliding together -> contraction

Question 8

Muscle movements

Answer 8

muscles can be classified according to the movements they elicit

Flexors: reduce the angle at the joint
Extensors: increase the angle

Abductors: draw a limb away from midline
Adductors: return the limb back toward midline

Question 9

Voluntary muscles

Answer 9

the skeletal muscles, make up muscle system, are called voluntary muscles
-they are under conscious control

Skeletal muscles must work in pairs:
Prime mover: the muscle that executes movement
Antagonist: muscle that produces opposite movement

Other muscles known as synergists may work in cooperation with the prime mover

Question 10

Synergists

Answer 10

other muscles that work in cooperation with the prime mover

Question 11

Abductors

Answer 11

Draw a limb away from midline

Question 12

Adductors

Answer 12

return the limb back toward midline

Question 13

Nervous system consists of:

Answer 13

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

Question 14

4 functions of the nervous system

Answer 14

1. Gives nerve impulses to skeletal muscles for contraction (nervous stimulation from motor neurons causes the release of Calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum)
2. Works with endocrine glands to correlate and integrate body functions:
   - digestion
   - reproduction
3. Enables us to think, reason, carry out abstract activities
4. Vital system enables us to perceive (senses) many of the changes that take place in our external and internal environments and to respond to those changes

Question 15

Neurons

Answer 15

Nerves cells

Question 16

Main parts of a neuron

Answer 16

Cell body

Axon: transmit the impulse away cell body

Dendrites: transmit the impulse toward cell body

Question 17

Spinal cord

Answer 17

Approx 18 in long

Extends from the base of the skull to 1st/2nd lumbar vertebrae

(Foremen magnum -> L1-L2)

31 pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord

Simple (spinal) reflexes:
are those in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain

Question 18

Major parts of the brain

Answer 18

Cerebrum:
-movement and sensory input

Cerebellum:
-muscle coordination

Medulla Oblongata:
-many vital functions:
respiration
heart rate

Question 19

Most reflex pathways involve:

Answer 19

most reflex pathways involve impulses traveling to/from the brain in ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord

sensory impulses:
enter the DORSAL horns of the spinal cord

motor impulses:
leave through the VENTRAL horns of the spinal cord

Question 20

Axon

Answer 20

transmit the impulse away from cell body

Question 21

Dendrites

Answer 21

Transmit the impulse toward cell body

Question 22

Central Nervous System

Answer 22

spinal cord

brain

Question 23

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 23

other neurons in the body

Question 24

Sensory (Afferent) neurons

Answer 24

transmit nerve impulses toward CNS

Question 25

Motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 25

Transmit nerve impulses away from CNS

toward effector organs such as:
-muscles

• glands
• digestive organs

Question 26

Endocrine System

Answer 26

The endocrine system assists the nervous system in homeostasis and plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation

Question 27

Where do the endocrine and nervous system meet?

Answer 27

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 28

Major Endocrine Glands

Answer 28

hypothalamus

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

• (p) neurohypophysis
• (a) adenohypophysis

thyroid gland
-parathyroid glands

adrenal glands

• adrenal medulla
• adrenal cortex

pancreas
-islets of Langerhans

Ovary (female)

Testis (male)