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MSK > ANAT2012 definitions > Flashcards

ANAT2012 definitions Flashcards

1
Q

cleavage

A

rapid mitotic division of zygote

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2
Q

blastomere

A

mitotic cleavage product of zygote

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3
Q

morula

A

precursor of blastocyst

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4
Q

blastocyst

A

structure containing embryoblast, walled by trophoblast

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5
Q

trophoblast

A

part of blastocyst which forms placenta

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6
Q

embryoblast

A

part of blastocyst which forms embryo

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7
Q

conception

A

implantation (7-10 days after fertilisation)

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8
Q

stress

A

force/area

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9
Q

strain

A

extension/original length

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10
Q

Young’s modulus/modulus of elasticity

A

stress/strain

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11
Q

parathyroid

A

enhances Ca2+ release from bone

indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity

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12
Q

calcitonin

A

inhibits Ca2+ absorption in intestines

inhibits osteoclast activity

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13
Q

elasticity

A

the ability of a solid to recover its shape when deforming forces are removed

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14
Q

viscoelasticity

A

materials for which the relationship between stress and strain depends on time

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15
Q

creep

A

if the stress is held constant the strain increases with time

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16
Q

stress relaxation

A

if the strain is held constant, the stress decreases with time

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17
Q

cyclic loading

A

application of repeated stress or strains

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18
Q

mechanotransduction

A

bone remodelling process due to stressors applied

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19
Q

anisotropy

A

the property of being directionally dependent

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20
Q

windlass mechanism

A

winding of the plantar fascia shortens the distance between the calcaneus and metatarsals to elevate the medial longitudinal arch

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21
Q

hysteresis

A

the energy put into the tissue is more than that recovered (lost as heat)

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22
Q

complex joint

A

contains intracapsular disc, labrum or meniscus

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23
Q

osteokinematics

A

movement of bones (not joints)

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24
Q

arthrokinematics

A

movement of joints (no reference to forces)

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25
Q

anatomical axis

A

related to structure (eg. longitudinally through long bone)

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26
Q

mechanical axis

A

related to joint (perpendicular to joint surfaces)

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27
Q

spin

A

mechanical axis is centre of rotation

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28
Q

slide

A

orientation of mechanical axis does not change, position does

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29
Q

roll

A

orientation of mechanical axis constantly changing

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30
Q

chondral-apophyseal enthesis

A

more zones

small attachment sites

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31
Q

periosteal-diaphyseal enthesis

A

less zones

large attachment sites

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32
Q

mechanobiology

A

mechanical load influencing the structure of MSK tissue

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33
Q

tribology

A

the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion

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34
Q

boundary layer lubrication

A

few molecules thick

relies on chemical properties

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35
Q

fluid film lubrication

A

finite thickness

relies on physical properties

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36
Q

medial and ventral motorneuron pools

A

proximal limb

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37
Q

dorsal and lateral motorneuron pools

A

distal limb

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38
Q

central pattern generator

A

a flexible network of interneurons than can produce purposeful movement in response to stimulus

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39
Q

inhibatory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

glycine

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40
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter

A

glutamatergic

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41
Q

pacemaker cell

A

triggers rhythmic activity of non-pacemaker cells

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42
Q

V0 interneuron

A

left-right alternations

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43
Q

V1 interneuron

A

locomotor rhythm regulation

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44
Q

V2a interneuron

A

left-right alternations

rhythm robustness

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45
Q

V3 interneuron

A

rhythm robustness

46
Q

Hb9 interneuron

A

rhythm generation

47
Q

mesencephalic locomotor region

A

controls intensity of locomotion

influences CPG via reticular formation and reticulospinal tract

48
Q

supraspinal structures and CPG

A

activate, modulate and silence CPG

49
Q

motor unit recruitment order

A

type I > type IIa > type IIb

50
Q

effect of firing frequency

A

increased firing frequency, increased force

51
Q

effect of motor unit synchronisation

A

enhanced rate of force development (explosive strength)

52
Q

muscle-tendon unit components

A 
contractile component (muscle)
series elastic component (tendon)
parallel elastic component (connective tissue)
53
Q

stretch-shortening cycle

A

successive combination of concentric and eccentric contractions –> greater force and power

54
Q

utilisation of stored elastic energy

A

energy stored in series elastic component used to increase mechanical energy in next concentric contraction

55
Q

autogenic inhibition

A

reduction in excitability of a contracting or stretched muscle (used in contract-relax)

56
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

contraction of opposing muscles reduces activation of target muscles –> descending commands excite inhibitory interneurons of target muscles (used in hold-relax)

57
Q

superficial layer of hyaline cartilage

A

type II collagen parallel to surface

reduces friction

58
Q

middle layer of hyaline cartilage

A

collagen in lattice

permits deformation

59
Q

deep layer of hyaline cartilage

A

collagen perpendicular to surface

anchors to bone

60
Q

hemorrhagic phase of tendon/ligament healing

A

1st phase
gap fills with blood clot
lymphocytes and leukocytes increase inflammatory response

61
Q

inflammatory phase of tendon/ligament healing

A

2nd phase
macrophages predominant cell type
induces vascularisation and granulation

62
Q

proliferative phase of tendon/ligament healing

A

3rd phase

fibroblasts produce collagen

63
Q

remodelling and maturation phase of tendon/ligament healing

A

4th phase
decreased cellularity
tissue becomes more dense and longitudinally orientated

64
Q

enthesis

A

joint between hard and soft surfaces

65
Q

enthesis organ

A

a collection of tissues at and near enthesis which serve to dissipate stress

66
Q

multi-enthesis organ

A

two or more neighbouring tendons/ligaments share and enthesis (eg. popliteus and LCL)

67
Q

enthesopathy

A

overuse injury of enthesis

68
Q

instantaneous centre of rotation

A

COR moves throughout movement due to ovoid joint surfaces

69
Q

helical axis of motion

A

the movement of a joint’s axis of rotation in 3D space

70
Q

compound joint

A

more than one joint within a joint capsule (eg. elbow)

71
Q

simple joint

A

one pair of articulating surfaces

72
Q

toe region

A

straightening of crimped ligament fibres

73
Q

elastic region

A

tissue will return to original shape

74
Q

yield point

A

point of permanent deformation (between elastic and plastic regions

75
Q

plastic region

A

tissue is permanently deformed

76
Q

ultimate stress

A

point of failure

77
Q

ultimate strain

A

breaking point

78
Q

toughness

A

amount of energy per volume a material can absorb before failure (area under curve)

79
Q

brittle break

A

linear stress/strain curve, no yield until ultimate stress

80
Q

ductile break

A

gradual yield before failure

81
Q

stiffness

A

ability to resist deformation

82
Q

compliance

A

undergoing elastic deformation in response to force

83
Q

stiffness/toughness trade-off

A

the more stiff a material becomes, the more brittle it becomes (less tough) –> ie bone

84
Q

safety factor

A

how much stronger a material is compared to its intended load
SF = max force/applied force x 100%

85
Q

mechanocoupling (1st step mechanotransduction)

A

force causes physical perturbation of cells

86
Q

cell-cell communcation (2nd step mechanotransduction)

A

perturbation transformed to chemical signal which is communicated to distant cells

87
Q

effector cell response (3rd step mechanotransduction)

A

tissue remodels in response to stimulus

88
Q

endoderm

A

forms epithelial linings of digestive and respiratory tracts

89
Q

ectoderm

A

forms skin epidermis, nervous system, hair, nails

90
Q

mesoderm

A

forms connective tissue, bones, muscle, blood vessels, cartilage

91
Q

somite

A

a segment of mesoderm arranged along the neural tube of an embryo

92
Q

sclerotome

A

part of somite giving rise to skeletal tissue

93
Q

dermatome

A

part of somite giving rise to connective tissue of skin

94
Q

myotome

A

part of somite giving rise to skeletal muscle

95
Q

differentiation

A

to become more specialised

96
Q

modulation

A

adaptation of a cell to its environment

97
Q

induction

A

specific change of shape of an embryo

98
Q

notochord

A

a cylindrical cord of cells marking the longitudinal axis (signalling centre)

99
Q

apical ectodermal cells

A

signalling centre at distal end of each limb bud

100
Q

fibrous joint development

A

mesenchyme between developing bones differentiates into fibrous connective tissue

101
Q

cartilaginous joint development

A

mesenchyme between developing bones differentiates into hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

102
Q

synovial joint development

A

peripherally, mesenchyme gives rise to capsule and ligaments (DRCT)
centrally, mesenchyme disappears creating joint space
on articular surfaces and capsular surfaces mesenchyme forms synovial membrane –> worn away on articular surfaces due to movement

103
Q

vertebral segmental defects

A

vertebrae fuse together, either partially or fully

104
Q

vertebral formation defects

A

vertebrae do not fully form, creating wedging or contouring of spine

105
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

no spinous process formed

106
Q

spina bifida meningocele

A

meningeal sac squeezes through spine, causing cyst

107
Q

spina bifida meningomyelocele

A

spinal cord goes into meningeal cyst, stretching nerve roots

108
Q

spina bifida myelocele

A

secretion of CSF out of spine

109
Q

spina bifida syringomyelocele

A

spinal cord goes into meningeal cyst and does not develop properly

110
Q

mechanisms of congenital scoliosis

A

failure of segmentation

failure of formation

111
Q

mechanisms of congenital kyphosis

A

failure of segmentation
failure of formation
dislocation of spine due to rotation

112
Q

mechanisms of congenital lordosis

A

failure of segmentation posteriorly

MSK (11 decks)

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