anat - pharynx and larynx

Question 1

what is the function of true vocal cords/vocal folds?

Answer 1

sound production

Question 2

what is the function of false vocal cords/vestibular folds?

Answer 2

protect larynx

Question 3

which muscle abducts the vocal folds?

Answer 3

posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 4

what is the function of transverse arytenoid muscle?

Answer 4

adduction of vocal folds

Question 5

what is the function of lateral crico-arytenoid?

Answer 5

adduction of vocal folds

Question 6

what muscle increases tension of vocal ligaments?

Answer 6

cricothyroid muscle

Question 7

which muscles relax vocal ligaments?

Answer 7

thyroarytenoid (aka vocalis muscle)

Question 8

what artery does internal laryngeal nerve travel with?

Answer 8

superior laryngeal artery

Question 9

what artery does external laryngeal nerve travel with?

Answer 9

superior thyroid artery

Question 10

what does internal laryngeal nerve innervate?

Answer 10

sensory innervation above vocal fold

Question 11

what does external laryngeal nerve innervate?

Answer 11

motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle

Question 12

what nerve provides motor innervation to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles (except cricothyroid)?

Answer 12

inferior laryngeal nerve (branch from recurrent laryngeal n.)

Question 13

what nerve provide sensory innervation below vocal fold?

Answer 13

inferior laryngeal nerve

Question 14

what artery does inferior laryngeal nerve travel with?

Answer 14

inferior laryngeal artery

Question 15

what nerve is damaged when there is a loss of afferent cough reflex?

Answer 15

internal laryngeal nerve

Question 16

what nerve damage leads to monotonous voice (lack of high-pitched voice)?

Answer 16

external laryngeal nerve (innervates cricothyroid muscle)

Question 17

what nerve damages lead to hoarse voice?

Answer 17

inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of recurrent laryngeal nerve)

Question 18

what will bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury lead to?

Answer 18

respiratory distress due to paralysis of both posterior cricoarytenoid muscles –> both vocal cords cannot abduct –> closed larynx

Question 19

what nerve innervates all muscles of soft palate (except tensor veli palatini)?

Answer 19

CNX (vagus nerve)

Question 20

what nerve innervates tensor veli palatini?

Answer 20

CNV3 (mandibular division of trigeminal branch)

Question 21

which muscle of the pharynx is not innervated by vagus nerve?

Answer 21

stylopharyngeus (CNIX)

Question 22

what nerve provides sensation to pharynx?

Answer 22

CNIX glossopharyngeal

Question 23

what are the structures at risk of injury in a tonsillectomy?

Answer 23

1. external palatine vein
2. arteries to tonsil (esp tonsillar branch of facial artery)
3. CNIX
4. internal carotid artery

Question 24

A child presents to Emergency 24 hours post-tonsillectomy with haematemesis (vomiting of blood). The patient is admitted to hospital as it is suspected that there may have been damage to a major vessel during the operation. The MOST LIKELY artery is a branch of the:

A. anterior ethmoidal artery
B. facial artery
C. lingual artery
D. sphenopalatine artery
E. superior labial artery

Answer 24

B. facial artery