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Anatomy fall semester > Anat Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Anat Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two branches of the Peripheral nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system (SNS) and the Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

SA

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2
Q

what is the somatic nervous system

A

system responsible for voluntary muscle movements and somatic reflex arcs
-it is mostly voluntary

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3
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system? (ANS)

A

Almost all effectors are visceral, helps maintain a stable internal environment
-Ex: regulation of heart rate, blood vessel diameter, pupil size, body temperature, increase/decrease stomach secretions

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4
Q

the ANS VS SNS have three distinct differences. what are these?

A

-effector organ
-efferent pathways and ganglia
-Neurotransmitters effects

EEN

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5
Q

ANS VS SNS effector organ

A

SNS- skeletal muscle tissue
ANS- cardiac muscle, smooth muscle (gut) and glands

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6
Q

ANS vs SNS efferent pathways and ganglia

A

SNS
-single neuron extends from CNS to effector
-Motor neuron cell bodies located in CNS, axons in PNS extend to skeletal muscle
ANS
-consists of two neuron chain to reach effector
-Preganglionic neuron: cell body in CNS, axon synapses with second motor neuron
-Postgangionic neuron: cell body is outside the CNS, axon extends to effector organ
-Ganglia: site of synapse between the preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron.

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7
Q

ANS vs SNS Neurotransmitters effects

A

SNS
-all release acetylcholine at synapses
-effect is always excitatory
ANS
-release norepinephrine or acetylcholine
-effect can be excitatory or inhibitory

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8
Q

what are the two divisions of ANS:

A

The parasympathetic vs sympathetic

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9
Q

the parasympathetic division

A

-“rest and digest”
-directs “housekeeping” activities concerning digestion and waste elimination, heart rate and blood pressure, airway diameter, pupil diameter, reproduction

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10
Q

where is the origin of fiber for the Parasympathetic?

A

-brain and spinal cord
-preganglionic fibers are long, postganglionic fibers are short

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11
Q

where is the location of the ganglia for the parasympathetic division?

A

in or near the effector organ

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12
Q

the sympathetic division

A
  • “fight or flight”
    -Activated when we are excited/scared/embarrassed
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13
Q

The sympathetic division- origin of fibers?

A

thoracolumbar region of spinal cord (T1-L2)
-preganglionic fibers are short
-postganglionic fibers are long
-cell bodies of this division form lateral horns of spinal cord

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14
Q

where is the location of Ganglia at the sympathetic division?

A

close to the spinal cord

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15
Q

why is the sympathetic division more complex than the parasympathetic division?

A

-innervaes smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands in body cavities (innervates more parts of body)
-also innervates smooth muscle and glands in superficial regions (effects circulation)
-sweat glands, arrestor pili, smooth muscle in blood vessel was

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16
Q

explain the anatomy of the sympathetic division?

A

-so the preganglionic fibers leaving the spinal cord form the sympathetic trunk (the trunk allows fibers to synapse with one another)
-the sympathetic trunk allows preganglionic axons to travel to spinal nerves that are higher or lower than were they originate
-sympathetic trunk is located on both sides of the spinal cord

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17
Q

what is the pathway to the sympathetic trunk?

A

first the preganglionic fibers exists the spinal cord. the fibers pass though the white ramps communicans. the white ramus communicans guide the preganglionic fiber to the sympathetic trunk. the fibers enter the sympathetic trunk ganglion. the sympathetic trunk ganglion is where the preganglionic fiber synapse with the postganglionic fiber

18
Q

a trunk ganglion, preganglionic and postganglionic fibers can form synapses 1 of 3 ways. explain them

A
  • same level
    -higher or lower level
    -distant collateral ganglion in abdomen and pelvis
19
Q

Pathways with synapses in trunk ganglia

A

-If synapse forms in trunk ganglia postganglionic fibers travel through gray rami communicans to enter ventral or dorsal ramps of adjoining spinal nerve
-gray rami communicans: carry postganglionic fibers from sympathetic trunk ganglion to periphery
-from here travel to effectors

20
Q

pathways to the head

A

-preganglionic fibers emerge from** T1-T4, synapse with postganglionic fibers at superior cervical ganglion** of the sympathetic trunk
-functions: serves skin and blood vessels of head, stimulate dilator muscles of eyes, inhibits nasal and salivary glands, innervates muscle to upper eyelids, sends branches to heart

21
Q

pathway to the thorax

A

-pregangion fibers emerge from T1-T6
-most postganglionic axons pass through cardaic, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses to effector organ

22
Q

pathways with synapses in collateral ganglia

A

-preganglionic fibers from T5-L2 synapse in collateral ganglia
form splanchnic nerves:
* greater splanchnic nerve, lesser splanchnic nerve, least splanchnic nerves
* -lumbar splanchnic nerves and sacral splanchnic nerves
* -function: serves abdominal viscera

23
Q

pathway to the abdomen

A

-fibers T5-L2 innervate abdomen
-function: serve the stomach, most of intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys

24
Q

pathways to the Pelvis

A

-fibers T10-L2 innervate pelvis
-function: serves the bladder, reproductive organs, distal half of large intestine

25
Q

what are the 5 components of the Visceral reflex arcs?

A
  1. receptor in viscera
  2. sensory neurons
    -non encapsulated nerve endins
    -functions: send sensory information about changes in chemical composition, stretch, temperature and irritation of viscera
  3. integration center
  4. motor neurons
    -preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
  5. visceral effector
    -smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands

RSIMV

26
Q

ANS neurotransmistters

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) and Norepinephrine (NE)

27
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

-effect in not entirely excitatory or inhibitory, depends on receptor it binds
-released by cholinergic fibers at:
1. All ANS preganglionic axons
2. All Parasympathetic postganglionic axons at synapse with effector

28
Q

cholinergic receptors that bind Acetylcholine

A
  1. nicotinic receptor
    -found on: all postganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic), hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla, sarcolemma of skelatal muscel cells
    -effect: binding of ACh here is ALWAYS **stimulatory **
  2. Muscarinic receptors
    -found on: all parasympathetic effectors and some sympathetic effectors
    -effect: binding of AcH here is **stimulatory or inhibitory **
    -ex:binding of ACh to muscarinic receptors of heart is inhibitory
    -ex: Binding of ACh to muscarinic receptors of smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract is stimulatory
29
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

-effect is not entirely inhibitory or excitatory, depends on receptor it binds
-released by **adrenergic fibers **at:
1. Sympathetic postganglionic axons

30
Q

Adrenergic receptors that bind Norepinephrine

A
  1. Alpha receptors
    -locations: all sympathetic target organs
  2. Beta receptors
    -Locations: heart, adipose tissue, kidneys, lungs, blood vessels
  • binding of NE or epinephrine can be stimulatory or inhibitory
  • Ex: NE binding at beta receptor of heart increases activity
  • Ex: Epinephrine binding at beta receptors of bronchioles causes dilation
31
Q

effects of the sympathetic and Parasympathetic divsion

A
  • most organs have dual innervation
  • Symathetic and parasympathetic divisions innervate organs-both send impulses to organ simultaneously
32
Q

Antagonistic interactions of the divisions

A
  • divisions have opposite effects (if one increases activity of organ the other decrease)
  • this is determined by which of the two division is sending more impulses
33
Q

vasomotor (sympathetic tone)

A
  • continuous partial constriction of blood vessels
  • sympathetic fibers supply blood vessels and control blood vessels diameter
  • if blood pressure is low- vasomotor fibers fire more rapidly
    -effect: muscle contracts, blood vessels contrict (blood pressure increase)
  • if blood pressure is high, vasomotor fibers fire less rapidly
    -effect: muscle relaxes, blood vessels dilate (blood pressure decrease)
34
Q

Parasympathetic tone

A
  • present mostly in cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue of digestive and urinary organs
  • effect: slows heart rate, maintains normal acitvity of digestive and urinary organs
  • sympathetic division can override parasympathetic tone
35
Q

unique roles of the sympathetic division

A
  1. thermoregulatory response to heat
    -effects:
    -A) blood vessels dialte in response to heat, constrict in response to cold
    -B) Sweat glands activated in response to heat
  2. Renin release from kidneys
    -effects: increases blood pressure
  3. Metabolic changes
    -effects:
    -A) increases metabolic rate of cells
    -B) raises blood glucose levels
    -C) Mobilizes fats used fuel use
36
Q

Parasympathetic divsion exerts…

A

-highly localized, short lived control
-How?
1. one preganglionic neuron synapses with one (or few) postganglionic neurons
2. All Parasympathetic fibers release ACh, quickly broken down by acetylcholinesterase

37
Q

Sympathetic division exerts…

A

-diffuse, long lasting control
-How?
1. Preganglionic neurons synapse with multiple postganglionic neurons
2. NE and epinephrine prolong effects of sympathetic division activation

38
Q

Hypothalamic control of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • the hypothalamus controls most visceral functions
    1. Anterior hypothalamic areas oversee parasympathetic division
    2. Posterior hypothalamic areas oversee sympathetic division
    -effects: coordinates heart acitvity, blood pressure, body temperature, water balance, endocrine activity
    -reminder: limbic system relays output through hypothalamus
    -emotional response to fear, danger, and stress activate sympathetic division
39
Q

hypertension

A
  • high blood pressue
  • caused by: overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response
  • effect: heart must work harder to circulate blood through narrow blood vessels
  • future problems: heart disease, enlarged arteries, kidney failure
  • treatment: adrenergic receptor blocking drugs
40
Q

raynauds disease

A
  • caused by: Exaggerated vasoconstriction response due to cold or emotional stress
  • Effect: skin of fingers and toes becomes pale
  • skin can eventually become cyanotic, painfull
  • severirty can be minimal or more extreme
41
Q

Autonomic dysreflexia

A
  • affects individuals who are quadriplegic or have spinal cord injuries above T6
  • caused by: uncontrolled acitvation of autonomic neurons
    -usually triggered by some type of pain stimulus to skin or overfilled visceral organ
  • effect: arterial blood pressure skyrockets
    -can rupture blood vessels in brain, causing stroke
    -symptons: headache, flushed face, sweating above injury, cold/clammy skin below injury

Anatomy fall semester (17 decks)

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