anat - cardio Flashcards
what structures can the cervical rib compress?
spinal nerves C8 and T1 or inferior trunk of brachial plexus supplying the UL
subclavian artery –> ischaemic muscle pain in UL
what goes through caval hiatus?
IVC, right phrenic nerve
what goes through oesophageal hiatus?
oesophagus, vagus nerve
what goes through aortic hiatus?
thoracic aorta, azygos and hemiazygos veins, thoracic duct
which 2 muscle layers does the neurovascular bundle run between?
internal intercostal and innermost inetercostal muscles
which arteries supply anterior thoracic wall?
internal thoracic arteries (intercostal spaces 1-6)
musculophrenic arteries (intercostal spaces 7-9)
which arteries supply posterior thoracic wall?
superior thoracic artery (intercostal spaces 1-2)
thoracic aorta (remaining intercostal spaces)
recurrent laryngeal nerve ascends between which two structures to supply larynx?
trachea and oesophagus
vagus nerve enters thorax ____ to root of lung
posterior to root of lungs
phrenic nerve enters thorax _____ to root of lung
anterior to root of lung
aneurysm of ascending aorta causes chest pain that radiates to the ____
radiate to back (if ruptured)
what is the ridge of cartilage that runs anterior-posterior between dividing main bronchi called?
carina of trachea
what is transverse pericardial sinus?
separates outflow tract (aorta and pulmonary trunk)
site of ligation in surgeries
where is the apex of the heart located?
left 5th intercostal space MCL
what is sulcus terminalis?
separates smooth and rough regions of right atrium externally
what is crista terminalis?
separates smooth and rough regions of right atrium internally
what is the outflow part of right ventricle leading to pulmonary trunk?
conus arteriosus
borders of the heart
anterior:
posterior:
inferior/base:
right pulmonary:
left pulmonary:
anterior: right ventricle
posterior: left atrium
inferior/base: left ventricle
right pulmonary: right atrium
left pulmonary: left ventricle
pulmonary valve has ____ (anterior/posterior) cusp
aortic valve has ____ (anterior/posterior) cusp
pulmonary valve: anterior cusp
aortic valve: posterior cusp
what are the 3 main branches of right coronary artery?
- SA nodal a. (60%)
- right marginal a.
- posterior interventricular a. (aka posterior descending a.)
what are the main branches of left coronary artery?
- circumflex artery
- left marginal a.
- SA nodal artery (40%) - anterior interventricular a. (aka left anterior descending)
what determines coronary dominance?
the coronary artery that gives off posterior descending a.
what arteries do each of the following cardiac veins run with?
1. great cardiac vein
2. middle cardiac vein
3. small cardiac vein
- great cardiac vein –> LAD
- middle cardiac vein –> PDA
- small cardiac vein –> right marginal a.
which is the best artery to use for a coronary bypass graft?
internal thoracic artery
sympathetic innervation of heart
- release ___ that acts on ____ receptors
parasympathetic innervation of heart
- release ____ that acts on ____ receptors
release NA that acts on beta1-adrenoreceptors
release ACh that acts on muscarinic receptors
do ventricles have PSNS innervation?
no
77 yo male suffered a myocardial infarction with damage to his interventricular septum. Which of the valves is likely to be damaged?
a. tricuspid valve
b. aortic valve
c. mitral valve
d. pulmonary valve
e. coronary sinus
c. mitral valve
how does tunica intima control diameter of blood vessels?
secretion of substances
constriction: angiotensin, vasopressin, endothelin-1
dilation: bradykinin, ANP, NO, prostacyclin
how does tunica media control diameter of blood vessels?
constriction or relaxation of smooth muscle
what is the layer between tunica media and tunica externa?
external elastic membrane
which layer of blood vessel does atherosclerosis occur in?
tunica intima
what can thinning of tunica media in aortic wall cause?
aneurysm
what is each blood vessel layer made up of?
1. tunica intima
2. tunica media
3. tunica externa
- single layer of squamous endothelial cells
- circularly arranged smooth muscle and sheets of elastic lamina
- loosely woven connective tissue layer of collagen
what are vasa vasorum?
small blood vessels found in tunica externa/adventitia that supply arteries (supply oxygen and nutrients to cells)
which type of artery has the most number of smooth muscle layers?
a. elastic conduit arteries
b. distributing/muscular arteries
c. resistance vessels (aka arterioles)
- elastic conduit arteries
what are shunts for blood to bypass capillary bed called?
metaarterioles
what type of arteries are aorta, subclavian, carotid and iliac arteries?
elastic conduit arteries
what type of arteries are brachial, femoral, radial and popliteal arteries?
muscular/distributing arteries
The chordae tendinae in the heart perform which of the following functions?
a. Pulls open the atrioventricular valves
b. Prevent eversion of the left sided valves
c. Prevent eversion of the right sided valves
d. Conduction of atrioventricular electrical signal
e. Prevent eversion of atrioventricular valves
e. Prevent eversion of atrioventricular valves
Which is a feature of veins but not arteries?
a. Elastin
b. Valves
c. Smooth muscle
d. Wide lumen size
e. Carries oxygenated blood
b. Valves
the phrenic nerve supplies all layers of the pericardium except:
a. visceral
b. fibrous
c. parietal layer
a. visceral layer (by vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk)
