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cardiovascular system > anat - cardio > Flashcards

anat - cardio Flashcards

1
Q

what structures can the cervical rib compress?

A

spinal nerves C8 and T1 or inferior trunk of brachial plexus supplying the UL

subclavian artery –> ischaemic muscle pain in UL

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2
Q

what goes through caval hiatus?

A

IVC, right phrenic nerve

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3
Q

what goes through oesophageal hiatus?

A

oesophagus, vagus nerve

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4
Q

what goes through aortic hiatus?

A

thoracic aorta, azygos and hemiazygos veins, thoracic duct

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5
Q

which 2 muscle layers does the neurovascular bundle run between?

A

internal intercostal and innermost inetercostal muscles

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6
Q

which arteries supply anterior thoracic wall?

A

internal thoracic arteries (intercostal spaces 1-6)
musculophrenic arteries (intercostal spaces 7-9)

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7
Q

which arteries supply posterior thoracic wall?

A

superior thoracic artery (intercostal spaces 1-2)
thoracic aorta (remaining intercostal spaces)

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8
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerve ascends between which two structures to supply larynx?

A

trachea and oesophagus

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9
Q

vagus nerve enters thorax ____ to root of lung

A

posterior to root of lungs

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10
Q

phrenic nerve enters thorax _____ to root of lung

A

anterior to root of lung

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11
Q

aneurysm of ascending aorta causes chest pain that radiates to the ____

A

radiate to back (if ruptured)

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12
Q

what is the ridge of cartilage that runs anterior-posterior between dividing main bronchi called?

A

carina of trachea

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13
Q

what is transverse pericardial sinus?

A

separates outflow tract (aorta and pulmonary trunk)
site of ligation in surgeries

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14
Q

where is the apex of the heart located?

A

left 5th intercostal space MCL

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15
Q

what is sulcus terminalis?

A

separates smooth and rough regions of right atrium externally

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16
Q

what is crista terminalis?

A

separates smooth and rough regions of right atrium internally

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17
Q

what is the outflow part of right ventricle leading to pulmonary trunk?

A

conus arteriosus

18
Q

borders of the heart
anterior:
posterior:
inferior/base:
right pulmonary:
left pulmonary:

A

anterior: right ventricle
posterior: left atrium
inferior/base: left ventricle
right pulmonary: right atrium
left pulmonary: left ventricle

19
Q

pulmonary valve has ____ (anterior/posterior) cusp
aortic valve has ____ (anterior/posterior) cusp

A

pulmonary valve: anterior cusp
aortic valve: posterior cusp

20
Q

what are the 3 main branches of right coronary artery?

A
  1. SA nodal a. (60%)
  2. right marginal a.
  3. posterior interventricular a. (aka posterior descending a.)
21
Q

what are the main branches of left coronary artery?

A
  1. circumflex artery
    - left marginal a.
    - SA nodal artery (40%)
  2. anterior interventricular a. (aka left anterior descending)
22
Q

what determines coronary dominance?

A

the coronary artery that gives off posterior descending a.

23
Q

what arteries do each of the following cardiac veins run with?
1. great cardiac vein
2. middle cardiac vein
3. small cardiac vein

A
  1. great cardiac vein –> LAD
  2. middle cardiac vein –> PDA
  3. small cardiac vein –> right marginal a.
24
Q

which is the best artery to use for a coronary bypass graft?

A

internal thoracic artery

25
Q

sympathetic innervation of heart
- release ___ that acts on ____ receptors

parasympathetic innervation of heart
- release ____ that acts on ____ receptors

A

release NA that acts on beta1-adrenoreceptors

release ACh that acts on muscarinic receptors

26
Q

do ventricles have PSNS innervation?

A

no

27
Q

77 yo male suffered a myocardial infarction with damage to his interventricular septum. Which of the valves is likely to be damaged?

a. tricuspid valve
b. aortic valve
c. mitral valve
d. pulmonary valve
e. coronary sinus

A

c. mitral valve

28
Q

how does tunica intima control diameter of blood vessels?

A

secretion of substances

constriction: angiotensin, vasopressin, endothelin-1

dilation: bradykinin, ANP, NO, prostacyclin

29
Q

how does tunica media control diameter of blood vessels?

A

constriction or relaxation of smooth muscle

30
Q

what is the layer between tunica media and tunica externa?

A

external elastic membrane

31
Q

which layer of blood vessel does atherosclerosis occur in?

A

tunica intima

32
Q

what can thinning of tunica media in aortic wall cause?

A

aneurysm

33
Q

what is each blood vessel layer made up of?
1. tunica intima
2. tunica media
3. tunica externa

A
  1. single layer of squamous endothelial cells
  2. circularly arranged smooth muscle and sheets of elastic lamina
  3. loosely woven connective tissue layer of collagen
34
Q

what are vasa vasorum?

A

small blood vessels found in tunica externa/adventitia that supply arteries (supply oxygen and nutrients to cells)

35
Q

which type of artery has the most number of smooth muscle layers?

a. elastic conduit arteries
b. distributing/muscular arteries
c. resistance vessels (aka arterioles)

A
  1. elastic conduit arteries
36
Q

what are shunts for blood to bypass capillary bed called?

A

metaarterioles

37
Q

what type of arteries are aorta, subclavian, carotid and iliac arteries?

A

elastic conduit arteries

38
Q

what type of arteries are brachial, femoral, radial and popliteal arteries?

A

muscular/distributing arteries

39
Q

The chordae tendinae in the heart perform which of the following functions?

a. Pulls open the atrioventricular valves
b. Prevent eversion of the left sided valves
c. Prevent eversion of the right sided valves
d. Conduction of atrioventricular electrical signal
e. Prevent eversion of atrioventricular valves

A

e. Prevent eversion of atrioventricular valves

40
Q

Which is a feature of veins but not arteries?

a. Elastin
b. Valves
c. Smooth muscle
d. Wide lumen size
e. Carries oxygenated blood

A

b. Valves

41
Q

the phrenic nerve supplies all layers of the pericardium except:

a. visceral
b. fibrous
c. parietal layer

A

a. visceral layer (by vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk)

cardiovascular system (6 decks)

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