ANAT 315 2/2 Flashcards
What is the pelvic girdle made up of?
Hip bone (innominate x2), sacrum and the coccyx
Innominate Bone
3 fused bones: Ilium, Pubis and Ischium
Features of the Ilium
-4 spines
-Iliac crest
-Iliac fossa
-Arcuate Line
-Greater sciatic notch
-Iliac tuberosity
-Auricular Surface
-Gluteal surface
-
Features of the Ischium
-Ischial Spine
-Lesser Sciatic notch
-Ischial Tuberosity
-Ischial Ramus
Features of the Pubis
-Pectineal Line
-Superior &Inferior Pubic ramus
-Symphyseal surface
-Body
Shared features of the Ischium, Ilium and Pubis
-Acetabulum (all 3)
-Obturator foramen (Pubis & Ischium)
-Ischiopubic ramus (pubis & Ischium)
-Iliopectineal line (ilium & pubis)
Difference between male and female pelvic girdles?
Females have wider space than males
Features of the sacrum
-Sacral ala
-Sacral Canal
-Posterior and Anterior Sacral Foramina
-Sacral Promontory
-Sacral Hiatus
-Auricular surface (shared with ilium)
where is Coccyx located
inferior of sacrum
What is the pelvic Inlet & what are its 3 borders?
superior opening of pelvis
Anterior border: pubic symphysis
Posterior border: Sacral promontory and ala
Lateral border: iliopectineal line
What is the pelvic Outlet & what are its 3 borders?
inferior opening of pelvis
Anterior border: Pubic arch
Posterior border: Coccyx
Lateral border: Ischial Tuberosity
True vs False Pelvis
False Pelvis: contains organs of lower abdomen
True Pelvis: between the inlet and outlet; where the viscera is located
Pubic Symphysis Joint
-fibrocartilaginous
-between pubis’
-connected by pubis symphysis on symphyseal surface
Sacroiliac Joint
-where sacrum and ilium articulate
-articulation at auricular surfaces
Sacroiliac Ligament
-attaches sacrum to ilium
Sacrospinous Ligament
-connects sacrum and Ischial Spine
-assists in supporting sacroiliac joint
Sacrotuberous Ligaments
-3 attachment points; posterior superior iliac spine, sacrum and the ischial tuberosity
Inguinal Ligaments
-does not support sacroiliac joint
-connects at anterior superior iliac spine and pubis
Sciatic Foramina
-Greater can be viewed anteriorly above the sacrospinous ligament
-lesser can be viewed anteriorly below the sacrospinous ligament and above the sacrotuberous ligament
Hip Joint
-articulation between innominate bone and femur
-synovial ball and socket joint
-triaxial
-more stable than mobile
Acetabulum
-Shared by the 3 fused bones
-socket that head of femur sits inside
Features of the Acetabulum
-lunate surface (inside)
-acetabular labrum (extends out for more stability
Femoral Head
contains fovea (attachment site for ligamentum teres)
Ligamentum Teres
-holds femoral head in acetabulum
3 supporting ligaments of the hip joint
Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral, Ischiofemoral
Iliofemoral Ligament
-connects Ilium to femur
-Y ligament
-prevents hyperextention
-in the middle of the other 2
Pubofemoral Ligament
-connects pubis to femur
-prevents excesstive abduction
-anterior of the 3
Ischiofemoral Ligament
-connects ischium to femur
-prevents hyperextenstion
-posterior of the 3
Features of the proximal femur
-head
-neck
-fovea
-Greater trochanter
-Trochanteric fossa
-Lesser trochanter
-Intertrochanteric crest
-Intertrochanteric line
-Gluteal Tuberosity
Function of pelvic floor
support pelvic viscera
Ischiococcygeus Origin
inferior end of sacrum
Ischiococcygeus. Insertion
ischial spine
Ischiococcygeus Action
supports pelvic viscera
Levator Ani Origin
**group of 3 muscles
pubis, superior pubic ramus
Levator Ani Insertion
anococcygeal ligament, coccyx
Levator Ani Action
supports pelvic viscera
2 hiatuses of pelvic floor
Anal (posteriorly) and Urogenetial (anteriorly)
Piriformis Origin
pelvic surface of sacrum
Piriformis Insertion
apex of the greater trochanter of the femur
Piriformis Action
Lateral rotation, abduction, and extension of hip joint
Sciatic nerve orgin
lumbosacral plexus (L4,L5,S1,S2,S3)
What is prirformis syndrome?
when piriformis muscle compresses sciatic nerve
Obturator Externus Origin
outer surface of obturator membrane
Obturator Externus Insertion
trochanteric fossa of the femur
Obturator Externus Action
Lateral rotation,and adduction of the hip joint
Obturator Internus Origin
inner surface of obturator membrane
Oturator Internus Insertion
medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
Obturator Internus Action
Lateral. rotation, adduction and extension of hip joint
Gemellus Superior Origin
Ischial Spine
Gemellus Superior Insertion
medial surface greater trochanter
Gemellus Superior Action
lateral rotation, adduction and extension of hip joint
Gemellus Inferior Origin
ischial tuberosity
Gemellus Inferior Insertion
medial surface greater trochanter
Gemellus Inferior Action
lateral rotation, adduction and extension of hip joint
Quadratus Femoris Origin
Lateral border of ischial tuberosity
Quadratus Femoris Insertion
interotrochanteric crest of femur
Quadratus Femoris Action
lateral rotation and adduction of the hip joint
Gluteus Maximus Origin
Sacrum, ilium, thoracolumbar fascia and sacrotuberous ligament
Gluteus Maximus Insertion
iliotibial tract, and gluteal tuberosity of femur
Gluteus Maximus Action
extension, lateral rotation and adduction
Gluteus Medius Origin
ilium
Gluteus Medius Insertion
greater trochanter of the femur
Gluteus Medius Action
abduction of the hip joint
Gluteus Minimus origin
ilium
Gluteus Minimus Insertion
greater trochanter of the femur
Gluteus Minimus Action
abduction of the hip joint
Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL) origin
anterior superior iliac spine
Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL) insertion
iliotibial tract
Femoral artery
-enters lower limb at inguinal ligament
-travels down anteromedial aspect of the thigh
-passes through adductor hiatus
-supplies the anterior thigh
Femoral artery branches
-profunda femoris (deep)
-Lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA)
-Medial circumflex femoral artery
Profunda Femoris
-passes between muscles of the medial compartment
-pierces the medial compartment muscle
-supplies blood to POSTERIOR THIGH
Lateral Circumflex femoral artery
-short branch of the deep femoral artery
-curves around the neck of femur =”circumflex”
-supplies blood to anterior thigh and hip joint
Medial circumflex femoral artery
-posteromedial branch of deep femoral artery
-courses around neck of femur
-emerges in gluteal region
-supplies blood to posterior thigh and hip joint
Blood supply of the thigh
-femoral artery
-femoral artery branches (profunda femoris, LCFA, MCFA)
Popliteal fossa arteries
- Popliteal artery
- Geniculate arteries
- Posterior recurrent tibial artery
- Anterior tibial artery
- Posterior tibial artery
Popliteal artery
-enters leg at the base of the popliteal fossa
-supplies blood: knee joint and superficial posterior leg
Posterior tibial recurrent artery
-branches laterally from popliteal artery
-moves superior = “recurrent”
-supplies blood: tibia and proximal end of fibula
Anterior tibial artery
-originates posteriorly
-branches laterally from popliteal artery
-pierces interosseous membrane towards anterior aspect of leg
anterior tibial arteries
-runs deep on top of interosseous membrane
-terminstes in the foot
-supplies blood to anterior leg
-branches into :anterior tibial recurrent artery
Anterior tibial recurrent artery
-moved back upwards
-terminates superiorly at the anterior knee joint
-supplies blood to knee joint
-branches off the anterior tibial artery
Posterior Tibial Arteries
-runs between the superficial and deep posterior muscle groups
-terminates in the foot
-supplies blood to posterior leg
Fibular artery
-branches off posterior tibial artery
-runs down parallel and lateral to tibial artery
-supplies blood to lateral leg and superficial posterior leg
DOrsum of the foot
-enters via anterior tibial artery
- ATA bifurcates a the dorsum of the foot into lateral tarsal artery and dorsalis pedis artery
-deep plantar artery branches posteriorly
-supplies digits and dorsum of foot
Plantar surface of the foot
-enters via the posterior tibial artery
-curves under the medial calcaneus
-supplies the plantar surface of the foot and digits
Veins of the foot
-anterior tibial veins
-great saphenous vein
-plantar venous network of the foot
-dorsal venous network of the foot
-posterior tibial veins
Veins of the leg
-popliteal vein
-great saphenous vein
-anterior tibial veins
-posterior tibial veins
-venous network of the foot
Great saphenous vein
-empties into the femoral vein
*medial
Femoral vein
-ascends from the popliteal vein
-ascends to the inguinal region
Obturator nerve
-L2-L4
-exits through obturator foramen
-runs down anterior medial aspect of thigh
-terminates in thigh
-Motor Innervation: medial thigh muscles
-Sensory innervation: skin over the proximal part of the medial thigh
Femoral Nerve
-L2-L4
-exits via inguinal ligament
-decends in the anterior thigh to leg
-divides into branches
Sciatic Nerve
-L4-S3
-exits through greater sciatic foramen
-runs inferiorly between the medial and posterior thigh compartments
-gives off muscular branches
Obturator nerve motor innervation
medial thigh muscles
obturator nerve sensory innervation
skin over the proximal part of the medial thigh
femoral nerve motor innervation
anterior thigh mescles
femoral nerve sensory information
skin of anteromedial thigh and medial aspects of knee, leg and foot
Sciatic nerve motor innervation
posterior thigh muscles
Sciaic Nerve Termination
terminates in the popliteal fossa by dividing into two branches;
-tibial nerve
-fibular nerve
Tibial Nerve
-branches off sciatic nerve
-continues down posterior leg
-terminates in heel of foot
Tibial nerve motor innervation
posterior leg muscles and majority of foot muscles
tibial nerve sensory innervation
sole of foot and posterior leg
Fibular (peroneal) nerve
-branches off sciatic
-curves around head of fibula
-when in anterior compartment, divides into 3 branches
-terminates in the foot
Fibular nerve motor innervation
-lateral and anterior leg muscles
-medial aspect of foot muscles
fibular nerve sensory information
lateral leg and dorsum of the foot
what damange can a broken fibula cause
damage peroneal (fibular) nerve
Fascia Lata
-forms membrane that separates the compartments
what fuses with the fascia lata
-gluteus maximus
-tensor fascia latae
Anterior Compartment of Upper Thigh (8)
-Psoas
-Iliacus
-Rectus femoris
-Vasus Lateralis
-Sartorius
-Vastus Medialis
-Vastus Intermedius
-Quadriceps femoris tendon
What is the anterior compartment of the upper thigh innervated by
femoral nerve
Psoas major Origin
transverse process and vertebral bodies of T12-L5
Iliacus Origin
iliac fossa
What does psoas major and iliacus become
iliopsoas
iliopsoas insertion
lesser trochanter of femur
iliopsoas action
-flexes the thigh at hip joint
-lateral rotation of the thigh
Where does psoas and iliacus become iliopsoas
Inguinal Ligament
Sartorius origin
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Sartorius Insertion
medial surface of the tibia
sartorius action
-flexes thigh at hip joint
-flexes leg at knee joint
Rectus Femoris origin
anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
Rectus femoris Insertion
quadriceps femoris tendon
rectus femoris action
-flexes thigh at hip joint
-extend leg at knee joint
What are the three vastus muscles
Vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius
Vastus Lateralis origin
Lateral intertrochanteric line of femur
Vastus Lateralis Insertion
Lateral patella via quadriceps femoris tendon
Vastus Medialis Origin
Medial intertrochanteric line of femur
Vastus Medialis Insertion
Medial Patella via quadriceps femoris tendon
Action of the vastus lateralis and medialis
extend leg at knee joint
Vastus intermedius Origin
Upper 2/3 of anterior and lateral femur
Vastus Intermedius Insertion
-Quadriceps femoris tendon
- lateral patella
- lateral condyle of tibia
Vastus intermedius Action
extend leg at knee joint
Vastus intermedius innervation
Femoral N
Muscles of the superficial medial compartment of the thigh
-Gracilis
-pectineus
-adductor longus
Muscles of the deep medial compartment of the upper thigh
-adductor brevis
-adductor magnus
-adductor hiatus
Gracilis origin
-inferior pubic ramus
-ischial ramus
Gracilis insertion
medial surface of proximal tibia
gracilis action
-adduct thigh
-flex the leg
Pectineus origin
pectineal line
Gracilis innervation
obturator nerve
pectineus insertion
pectineal line of the femur
pectineus action
-adduct and flex thigh
pectineus innervation
femoral nerve
Adductor longus origin
external surface of pubis
adductor longus insertion
linea aspera of the femur
adductor longus action
adduct and medially rotate thigh at hip
addcutor longus innervation
obturator n
Adductor brevis origin
-external surface of pubis
-inferior pubic ramus
Addcutor brevis insertion
posterior surface of femur and upper 1/3 of linea aspera
Addcutor brevis action
adducts and medially rotates the thigh at hip joint
adductor brevis innervation
obturator nerve
adductor magnus (adductor part) origin
ischiopubic ramus
adductor magnus origin (hamstring part)
ischial tuberosity
adductor magnus (adductor part) insertion
-posterior surface of proximal femur,
-linea aspera
-medial supercondylar line
adductor magnus (hamstring part) insertion
supracondylar line
adductor magnus (adductor part) innervation
obturator nerve
adductor magnus innervation (hamstring part)
sciatic nerve
Adductor magnus action
adduct and medially rotate thigh at hip
Borders of the femoral triangle
superior. - inguinal
lateral - sartorius
medial - adductor longus
floor -pectineus
contents of femroal triangle
femroal nerve artery and vein and lymph nodes
Tibialis Anterior origin
-proximal anterior/lateral tibia
-interosseous membrane
Extensor Hallicus Longus Origin
-middle 1/3 of medial fibula
-interosseous membrane
Tibialis anterior insertion
-medial cuneiform
-base of 1st metatarsal
Tibialis anterior action
-dorsiflexion
-inversion
Extensor hallicus longus insertion
base of distal phalanx of hallux
Extensor hallicus longus action
-dorsiflexion
-extend hallux
Extensor digitorum longus origin
-lateral tibial condyle
-head and medial surface of fibula
-interosseous membrane
Peroneus Tertius origin
anterior border of distal fibula
Extensor digitorum longus insertion
base of distal phalanx for digits 2-5
extensor digitorum lobus action
-dorsiflexion
-extend digits 2-5
peroneus tertius insertion
base of 5th metatarsal
peroneus tertius action
-dorsiflexion
-eversion
Peroneus longus origin
-head and proximal 2/3 of lateral fibula
peroneus longus insertion
-medial cuneiform
-base of 5th metatarsal
peroneus longus action
-eversion
-plantarflexion
peroneus brevis origin
distal 1/3 of lateral surface of fibula
peroneus brevis insertion
base of 5th metatarsal
peroneus brevis action
-eversion
-plantarflexion
Gastronemius origin
-medial epicondyle of the femur
-lateral epicondyle of the femur
gastrocnemius insertion
-calcaneal tubersoity via calcaneal tendon
gastrocnemius action
-knee flexion
-plantarflexion
soleus origin
-posterior surface of fibular head and neck
-soleal line
soleus insertion
-calcaneal tuberosity via calcaneal tendon
soleus action
plantarflexion
planaris origin
lateral epicondyle of femur
plantaris insertion
calcaneal tubersoity via calcaneal tendon
plantaris action
-knee flexion
-plantarflexion
Popliteus origin
-lateral femoral condyle
-lateral meniscus
poplitus insertion
posterior tibial surface
popliteus action
unlocks and stabilizes knee joint
tibialis posterior origin
-interosseous membrane
-borders of tibia and fibula
tibialis posterior insertion
-navicular
-cuneiforms
-base of 2-4 metatarsals
tibialis posterior action
-plantarflexion
-eversion
flexor digitorum longus origin
middle 1/3 of posterior surface of tibia
flexor digitorum longus insertion
base of 2-5 phalanges
flexor digitorum longus action
-plantarflexion
-inversion
-flexion of digits 2-5
flexor hallicus longus action
-plantarflexion
-inversion
-flexion of hallux
flexor hallucis longus origin
-distal 2/3 posterior fibula
-interosseous membrane
flexor hallicus longus insertion
base of distal phalanx of hallux
Biceps femoris long head origin
ischial tuberosity
biceps femoris long head insertion
-lateral condyle of tibia
-head of fibula
biceps femoris long head action
-hip extension
-medial rotation of tibia
-flex knee
biceps femoris long head innervation
sciatic -> tibial N
biceps femoris short head origin
linea aspera
biceps femoris short head insertion
-lateral condyle of tibia
-head of fibula
biceps femoris short head action
-knee flextion
-medial rotation tibia
biceps femoris short head innervation
sciatic n-> fibular n
semitendonosis origin
ischial tubersoity
semitendonosis insertion
medial proximal tibia
semitendonosis action
-hip extension
-knee flexion
-medial rotation of tibia
semitendonosis inervation
sciatic n -> tibial n
semimembranosis origin
ischial tuberosity
semimembranosis insertion
medial condyle of tibia
semimembranosis action
-knee felxion
-hip extension
-medial rotation of tibia
semimembranosis innervation
sciatic n -> tibial n
Extensor hallicus brevis origin
calcaneus
extensor hallicus brevis insertion
-base of phalanx of hallux
extensor hallicus brevis action
extend hallux
extensor digitorum brevis origin
calcaneus
extensor digitorum brevis insertion
base of phalanx 2-4
extensor digitorum brevis action
extens toes 2-4
