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Year 2 - Semester 1 > ANAT 315 1/2 > Flashcards

ANAT 315 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Anchoring point for appendicular skeleton (bones of skull, accessory bones, vertebral column, thoracic cage)

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2
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Upper limbs and pectoral girdle, lower limbs and pelvic girdle

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3
Q

what is the Vertebral Column made up of

A

Made up of 26 bones (Vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 Lumbar & the sacrum and coccyx)

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4
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A
  • column of support
    -protect spinal cord, passage of nerves
  • attachment site for muscles
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5
Q

Vertebra Anatomy

A

-vertebral body (stacked makes vertebral column)
-Spinous process (b/w transverse processes)
-Transverse process (stick out laterally)
-pedicle (connects vertebral body and transverse process)
-vertebral foramen (hole in middle)
-lamina (connects spinous and transverse processes)

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6
Q

What is the term for 2 vertebrae meeting?

A

(Superior and Inferior) articular process + facet

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7
Q

What consists between vertebrae?

A

Intervertebral discs ( made up of Nucleus pulposus and Annulus fibrosis)

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8
Q

Herniated DIsc

A

When nucleus pulposus herniates into vertebral canal due to tear in annulus fibrosis

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9
Q

Cervical vs Thoracic vs Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Cervical - spinus process split into 2 parts (Bifid)
Thoracic - slope down, costal facets for ribs
Lumbar - much larger, kidney shaped

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10
Q

What are the first two vertebrae

A

C1 and C2 (atlas and axis), the dens (odontoid process) is a C2 projection. Ligament holds dens in place to create “no” motion of head

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11
Q

Functions of the Thoracic Cage

A

1)Encloses and protects viscera of the thoracic cavity
2) Thoracic skeleton acts as an anchor/attachment site for muscles

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12
Q

Parts of Thoracic cage

A

1)Sternum
2) 12 pairs of ribs
3)Thoracic Spine: T1-T12 vertebrae

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13
Q

Parts that make up the sternum

A

Body, Manubrium, Xiphoid Process, Sternal angle, Clavicular Notch’s

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14
Q

What makes up rib cage

A

-12 pairs, 24 total
-Costal Cartilage (articulates with sternum and contributes to elasticity of thoracic cage)

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15
Q

Types of RIbs

A

True Ribs: 1-7, articulate with sternum via costal cartilage
False Ribs: 8-10, articulate with sternum indirectly via fused costal cartilage
Floating Ribs: 11&12, no anterior articulation

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16
Q

Anatomy of a Rib

A

-Sternal end (articulates with sternum
-Head
-Tubercle
-Costal groove (runs along anterior surface, this is where Intercostal vein, artery & nerve run)

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17
Q

Unique feature of Thoracic Vertebrae

A

Contain costal facets where ribs articulate with vertebral column (some vertebrae have 2 or 1)

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18
Q

Articulation of rib at vertebral column

A

Tubercle: articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

Head: articulates with body of thoracic vertebrae via costal facet

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19
Q

Superficial Muscles of thoracic cage

A

Pectoralis Major & Minor, Subclavius, Serratus Anterior, Serratus Posterior

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20
Q

Pectoralis Major Origin

A

Origin: anterior surface of clavicle, anterior surface of sternum ], external oblique aponeurosis

**most superficial layer

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21
Q

Pectoralis Minor origin

A

ribs 3-5 on anterior surface

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22
Q

Subclavius Origin

A

1st rib

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23
Q

Serratus Anterior Origin

A

Origin: surface of ribs 1-8

**spans entire thoracic cage

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24
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior Origin

A

Origin: C7-T3 spinous processes

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25
Q

Serratus Posterior Inferior Origin

A

Origin: T11-L2 spinous processes

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26
Q

Which of the following does NOT originate on the ribs

a) Pec Minor
b) Subclavius
c) Serratus anterior
d) Serratus posterior superior

A

d) Serratus posterior superior - originates on the spinous processes

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27
Q

Deep Muscles of Thoracic Cage

A

External & Internal Intercostals, Innermost Intercostals, Transverse Thoracis, Subcostales

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28
Q

External Intercostals Origin

A

Origin: inferior border of ribs

** muscle fibres travel medially and inferiorly

**most superficial of intercostals

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29
Q

Internal Intercostals

A

Origin: inferior border of ribs

**muscle fibres travel medially, anteriorly and superiorly

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30
Q

Innermost Intercostals

A

Origin: inferior border of ribs

**deepest intercostals

**less developed and play less a role

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31
Q

Transversus Thoracis origin

A

Origin: Pleural (inside) surface of ribs 2-6 anteriorly

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32
Q

Subcostales Origin

A

Origin: Pleural (inside) surface of lower ribs (posteriorly)

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33
Q

Diaphragm origin

A

Origin: Xiphiod process of sternum, L1-L4 vertebra (anterior surface), costal arch of ribs 7-12

** main driver of breathing mechanisms

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34
Q

Pectoralis Minor Insertion

A

Coracoid process of scapula

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35
Q

Pec Minor Action

A

pulls (contracts) scapula down and anteriorly

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36
Q

Pec Minor Innervation

A

Medial pectoral nerve

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37
Q

Subclavius Insertion

A

interior surface of clavicle

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38
Q

Subclavius Action

A

Pulls down and stabilizes clavicle

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39
Q

Subclavius Innervation

A

C5-C6 cervical nerves

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40
Q

Pec Major Insertion

A

Intertubercular groove

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41
Q

Pec Major Action

A

Adducts, Flexes and Medially rotates arm

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42
Q

Pec Major Innervation

A

Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerves

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43
Q

Serratus Anterior Insertion

A

medial border od scapula on costal surface

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44
Q

Serratus Anterior Action

A

protract scapula and elevate ribs (boxing)

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45
Q

Serratus Anterior Innervation

A

long thoracic nerve

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46
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior Insertion

A

Superior border of ribs 2-4

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47
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior Action

A

elevates upper ribs

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48
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior Innervation

A

T1-T4 ventral rami

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49
Q

Serratus Posterior Inferior Insertion

A

inferior borders of ribs 9-12

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50
Q

Serratus Posterior Inferior Action

A

depresses lower ribs (pulls lower ribs together)

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51
Q

Serratus Posterior Inferior Innervation

A

T9-T12 anterior rami

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52
Q

External Intercostals Insertion

A

Superior border of rib below

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53
Q

External Intercostals Action

A

Elevate ribs (inspiration)

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54
Q

External Intercostals Innervation

A

intercostal nerves

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55
Q

Internal Intercostals Insertion

A

Superior border of rib below

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56
Q

Internal Intercostals Action

A

lower ribs (expiration)

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57
Q

Internal Intercostals Innervation

A

intercostal nerves

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58
Q

Innermost Intercostals Insertion

A

Superior border of rib below

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59
Q

Innermost Intercostals Action

A

lower ribs (expiration)

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60
Q

Innermost Intercostals Innervation

A

intercostal nerves

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61
Q

Transverse Thoracis Insertion

A

Posterior surface of sternum, Xiphoid process

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62
Q

Transverse Thoracis Action

A

Lower ribs (expiration)

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63
Q

Transverse Thoracis Innervation

A

Intercostal nerves

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64
Q

Subcostals Insertion

A

superior border of ribs below; lower ribs

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65
Q

Subcostals Action

A

Contracts, pulls ribs down (expiration)

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66
Q

Subcostals Innervation

A

intercostal nerves

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67
Q

Diaphragm Insertion

A

central tendon of diaphragm

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68
Q

Diaphragm Action

A

contracts and compresses abdomen (inspiration); relaxes (expiration)

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69
Q

Diaphragm Innervation

A

Phrenic Nerve (C3,C4,C5 keeps the diaphragm alive)

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70
Q

Path of Anterior Blood Supply on the RIGHT side

A
  1. Arch of aorta
  2. Brachiocephalic artery
  3. R. Subclavian artery
  4. R. internal thoracic artery
  5. Anterior intercostal arteries
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71
Q

Path of Anterior Blood Supply on the LEFT side

A
  1. Arch of aorta
  2. L. Subclavian artery
  3. L. internal thoracic artery
  4. Anterior intercostal arteries

**no branching off aorta

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72
Q

Path of POSTERIOR blood supply

A
  1. Arch of aorta
  2. Descending thoracic aorta
  3. Posterior intercostal arteries
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73
Q

Venous Drainage in Upper Limbs

A
  1. Hemiazygos vein
  2. Accessory hemiazygos veins
  3. Azygos vein
  4. Superior Vena Cava
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74
Q

Joint (articulation)

A

-site where two or more bones connect

-the function and range of motion of each joint is dependent upon its anatomy

***not all joints permit movement

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75
Q

Purpose of joints

A
  1. Link the skeletal system
  2. Joins facilitate movement of the skeleton
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76
Q

Relationship between stability and mobility

A

Inverse: More mobile = less stable and vice versa

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77
Q

Classification of joints based on function: by increasing range of motion

A

Synarthrosis, Ampiarthrosis, Diarthrosis

*based on motion permitted

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78
Q

Classification of joints based on structure

A

Fibrous, Bony Fusion, Cartilaginous, Synovial

*What tissues join the articulating bones

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79
Q

Synarthrosis Movement

A

-Immobile or nearly immobile

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80
Q

Synarthrosis Joint anatomy

A

-strong union between articulating bones

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81
Q

Structure classification of Synarthrosis Joint

A

Fibrous, Bony Fusion, or cartilaginous

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82
Q

Amphiarthrosis Movement

A

Slightly Moveable

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83
Q

Structure classification of Amphiarthrosis

A

Fibrous or Cartilaginous

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84
Q

Cartilaginous amphiathrosis example

A

Bones joined by a wedge of cartilage

ex. intervertebral discs

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85
Q

Diarthrosis movement

A

wide range of movement

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86
Q

Structure classification of diarthrosis joint

A

Synovial

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87
Q

Bony Fusion

A

created when bones fuse together, boundaries separating bones disappear

ex. pelvis

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88
Q

Diarthrosis Joint anatomy

A

charcaterized by joint cavity (fluid-filled space)

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89
Q

Where are synovial Joints most commonly found

A

at ends of long bones like upper and lower limbs

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90
Q

Basic components of synovial joints:

A
  1. Joint capsule
  2. Articular cartilage
  3. Joint cavity filled synovial fluid
  4. synovial membrane
  5. accessory structures

*have extra tissues than other joints to allow movement

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91
Q

Make up of Joint capsule:

A

Joint capsule: encloses joint cavity

  1. Outer dense connective tissue layer
  2. Inner synovial membrane
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92
Q

Purpose of synovial membrane

A

-lines inner surface of joint cavity but DOES NOT cover articulating bone surfaces

-produces synovial fluid

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93
Q

Purpose of Synovial Fluid

A

-fills joint cavity to lubricate, absorb shock, and distribute nutrients to cells of articular cartilage

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94
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

-covers surface of articulating bones with in joint cavity
-smooth surface helps reduce friction during movement

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95
Q

Accessory structures of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Menisci
  2. Ligaments
  3. Bursae
  4. Fat Pads

*to provide support and additional stability

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96
Q

Menisci (Meniscus)

A

-fibrocartilage pads between bone
-Reduce friction disperse weight across joint, protect & cushion joint surface

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97
Q

Ligaments

A

-tissue connecting bone to bone
-support and strengthen synovial joints
-can be inside (intracapsular) or outside (extracapsular) of joint cavity

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98
Q

Bursa (Bursae)

A

-Small fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue, occur around tendons and bones
-Filled with synovial fluid lined by a synovial membrane
-reduce friction
-act as shock absorbers

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99
Q

Fat Pads

A

-around periphery of joint
-protect articular cartilages
-cushion joint as a whole

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100
Q

Types of Movement as Synovial Joints

A

Gliding, Angular, Rotational, Special Movements

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101
Q

Gliding (planar/linear) movement

A

two opposing flat surfaces sliding past eachother

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102
Q

Angular Movement

A

movement that changes the angle between articulating bones

(flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction)

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103
Q

Pronation

A

Radius rolls across anterior surface of ulna

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104
Q

Inversion

A

sole of foot twists inward

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105
Q

Eversion

A

sole of foot twists outwards

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106
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

elevate sole of foot

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107
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Elevate heel of foot

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108
Q

Opposition

A

Thumb moves across palm to touch.the tips of the fingers

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109
Q

Reposition

A

Thumb and fingers move from opposition back to anatomical position

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110
Q

Protraction

A

moving part of body anteriorly in transverse plane

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111
Q

Retraction

A

Part of bosy moves posteriorly in transverse plane

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112
Q

Elevation

A

Move in superior direction

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113
Q

Depression

A

Move in inferior direction

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114
Q

Lateral flexion (of Vertebral Column)

A

bending side to side

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115
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A

Pivot, Hinge, Ball and socket, Saddle, Gliding, Ellipsoidal (condylar)

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116
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Monoaxial; permits angular movement across one axis (flexion/extension), convex surface fits into concave surface

examples: elbow (ulna & humerus), ankle, interphalangeal

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117
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Monoaxial; permits only rotation, pointed surface of bone articulates with a ring

example: atlanto-axial joint (C1 & C2) and proximal radioulnar

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118
Q

Ellipsoidal (condylar) Joint

A

Biaxial; permits motion across 2 axes, oval face sits within depression on opposite surface

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

Example: Metacarpophalangeal

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119
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Biaxial: angular movement across 2 axes, articular surface of bone fits into saddle shaped bone

example: first carop,metacarpal joint

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120
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

Triaxial: angular and rotational movement across 3 axes, round head fits into cup shaped

Angular motion, circumduction, rotation

Example: shoulder, hip

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121
Q

Components of pectoral girdle

A

Clavicle and scapula

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122
Q

3 distinct features of the scapula

A

spine, inferior angle and glenoid fossa

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123
Q

Components of clavicle

A

-sternal end (medial)
-acromial end (lateral)
-tubercle (inferior surface)
-Concave (1/3)
-convex (2/3)

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124
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A

clavicular notch of sternum articulates with sternal end of clavicle to create a Saddle-synovial joint

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125
Q

Borders of the scapula

A

Medial, lateral and superior

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126
Q

Fossae of the scapula

A

Supraspinous (above scapula spine), infraspinous (below scapular spine), and subscapular (anterior side of scapula)

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127
Q

Features of anterior scapula

A

Acromion
-articulates with lateral end of clavicle

Coracoid Process

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128
Q

Features of Posterior scapula

A

Scapular spine that divides two posterior fossa

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129
Q

Features of Lateral Scapula

A

Gleniod fossa
-forms shoulder joint with humerus

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130
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

ball and socket joint created by head of humerus and glenoid fossa articulating, protected by bursae

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131
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A

connected by acromioclavicular ligament

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132
Q

Coracoacromial joint

A

connected by coracoacromial ligament

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133
Q

Components of proximal humerus (6)

A

Head, Greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, surgical neck, anatomical neck, and intertubercular groove

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134
Q

Features of distal humerus

A

capitulum, trochela, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, radial fossa, lateral epicondyle and medial epicondyle

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135
Q

Bone of Forearm

A

Radius (thumb side), Ulna (pinky side)

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136
Q

Features of proximal radius

A

Head, neck and radial tuberosity (attachment site for biceps brachii)

137
Q

Features of proximal Ulna

A

Trochlear Notch, Radial Notch (where radius and ulna meet eachother at humerus), Coronoid Process, and Olecranon

138
Q

3 main points of contact at the elbow joint

A

Olecranon fossa with Olecranon, Capitulum with radial head and trochlear notch with trochlea

139
Q

what does the olecranon prevent

A

hyperextension

140
Q

5 muscles acting on shoulder girdle

A

Trapezius, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboids. Serratus Anterior, Pec Minor

141
Q

Muscles that move the arm - Rotator Cuff group

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis

142
Q

Supraspinatus Origin

A

Supraspinatus Fossa

143
Q

Supraspinatus Insertion

A

Greater Tubercle of Humerus

144
Q

Supraspinatus Action

A

Abduction of arm at the shoulder

145
Q

Supraspinatus Innervation

A

Suprascapular nerve

146
Q

Infraspinatus Origin

A

Infraspinatus fossa

147
Q

Infraspinatus Insertion

A

Greater tubercle of humerus

148
Q

Infraspinatus Action

A

External (lateral) rotation of arm at shoulder

149
Q

Infraspinatus Innervation

A

Suprascapular nerve

150
Q

Teres Minor Origin

A

Lateral border of scapula

151
Q

Teres Minor Insertion

A

Greater Tubercle of Humerus

152
Q

Teres Minor Action

A

External (lateral) rotation of arm at the shoulder

153
Q

Teres Minor Innervation

A

Axillary Nerve

154
Q

Subscapularis Origin

A

Subscapular fossa

155
Q

Subscapularis Insertion

A

Lesser tubercle of humerus

156
Q

Subscapularis Action

A

-Medial (internal) rotation of arm at shoulder
-Adduct arm at shoulder

157
Q

Subscapularis Innervation

A

Subscapular nerves

158
Q

Muscles that move the arm - non rotator cuff group

A

Deltoid, Coraobrachialis, Pec Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Teres Major

159
Q

Deltoid Origin

A

-Lateral clavicle
-Acromion
-Spine of Scapula

160
Q

Deltoid Insertion

A

Deltoid Tuberosity of humerus

161
Q

Deltoid Action

A

-Abduction of arm at the shoulder
-Medial and lateral rotation of arm
-flexion and extension of arm

162
Q

Deltoid Innervation

A

Axillary nerve

163
Q

Coracobrachialis Origin

A

Coracoid process of scapula

164
Q

Coracobrachialis Insertion

A

Medial Shaft of Humerus

165
Q

Coracobrachialis Action

A

-Adduction of arm at the shoulder
-Flexion of arm at the shoulder

166
Q

Coracobrachialis Innervation

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve

167
Q

Muscles that move the forearm

A

Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis, Triceps Brachii, Pronators, Supinator

168
Q

Biceps Brachii Origin (long and short head)

A

-Long Head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
-Short Head: coracoid process

169
Q

Biceps brachii Insertion

A

Radial Tuberosity

170
Q

Biceps Brachii Action

A
  • Flexes arm and forearm at elbow
    -Abducts and medially rotates arm
    -Supination (forearm)
171
Q

Biceps Brachii Innervation

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve

172
Q

Brachialis Origin

A

Anterior Humerus

173
Q

Brachialis Insertion

A

Ulnar tuberoisity and coronoid process

174
Q

Brachialis Action

A

-Flexes forearm at elbow

175
Q

Brachialis Innervation

A

Musculocutaneous and radial nerves

176
Q

Brachioradialis Origin

A

Lateral supracondylar ridge (proximal 2/3 of humerus)

177
Q

Brachioradialis Insertion

A

Styloid process of radius

178
Q

Brachioradialis Action

A

Flexes forearm at elbow joint

179
Q

Brachioradialis Innervation

A

Radial Nerve

180
Q

Triceps Brachii Origin (long, medial and lateral head)

A

-Long head: (lateral border of) Scapula
-Lateral Head: humerus
-Medial head: humerus

181
Q

Triceps Brachii Insertion

A

Olecranon of ulna

182
Q

Triceps Brachii Action

A

-Extends and adducts arm at elbow
-Extends forearm

183
Q

Components of Pelvic Bone

A

Ilium, Pubis, Ischium, Iliac crest, and pubic crest

184
Q

External Oblique Origin

185
Q

External Oblique Insertion

A

Linea alba, iliac crest, pubic crest

186
Q

External Oblique Actions

A

-Bilateral contraction: flexion of the vertebral column; abdominal compression

-Unilateral contraction: lateral flexion; trunk rotation (contralateral, opposite side)

187
Q

Internal Oblique origin

A

-Thoracolumbar fascia

-iliac crest

188
Q

Internal Oblique Insertion

A

-Linea alba
-Pubis
-Inferior Ribs
-Costal Cartilage

189
Q

Internal Oblique Action

A

-Bilateral contraction: flexion of the vertebral column; abdominal compression

-Unilateral contraction: lateral flexion; trunk (ipsilateral, same side)

190
Q

Rectus Abdominis Origin

A

Pubic symphysis

191
Q

Rectus Abdominis Insertion

A

-Xiphoid process
-Costal cartilage of ribs 5-7

192
Q

Rectus Abdominis Actions

A

-flexion of the trunk
-abdominal compression (crunch)

193
Q

What is the rectus abdominis separated by?

A

Tendinous Intersections

194
Q

Transversus Abdominis Origin

A

-Costal cartilage of inferior ribs
-iliac crest
-thoracolumbar fascia

195
Q

Transversus Abdominis Insertion

A

-Linea alba
-Pubis

196
Q

Transversus Abdominis Action

A

Abdominal compression (crunch)

197
Q

What does the lateral wall consist of?

A

Internal and external oblique and transversus abdominis

198
Q

What is the rectus sheath formed by?

A

Aponeuroses of IO, EO and Transversus abdominis

199
Q

Define aponeurosis

A

sheet-like tendon which muscles connect to bone or fascia

200
Q

The rectus sheath converges centrally where?

A

The Linea alba

201
Q

Trapezius Origin

A

Occipital bone of the skull, spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

202
Q

Trapezius Insertion

A

-Scapula (acromion and scapular spine)
-lateral aspect of clavicle

203
Q

Trapezius Actions

A

-Upper fibers: elevate scapula
-Middle fibers: retract scapula & arm abduction
-Lower fibers: depress scapula & arm abduction

204
Q

Latissimus Dorsi Origin

A

-spinous processes of T6-L5
-sacrum
-iliac crest
-thoracolumbar fascia

205
Q

Latissimus Dorsi Insertion

A

intertubercular groove of humerus

206
Q

Latissimus Dorsi Actions

A

-adduction of arm
-extension of arm
-medial rotation of arm at shoulder

207
Q

Latissimus Dorsi Innervation

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

208
Q

Levator Scapulae Origin

A

Transverse processes of C1-C4

209
Q

Levator Scapulae Insertion

A

Superior/medial border of scapula

210
Q

Levator Scapulae Actions

A

Elevate scapula

211
Q

Levator Scapulae Innervation

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

212
Q

Rhomboid (Major and Minor) Origin

A

spinous processes of C7-T5

213
Q

Rhomboids (Major and Minor) Insertion

A

Medial Border of the scapula

214
Q

Rhomboids (Major and Minor) Action

A

-retraction of the scapula
-downward rotation of the scapula

215
Q

Rhomboids (Major and Minor) innervation

A

Dorsal Scapular nerve

216
Q

Teres Major Origin

A

Inferior angel of scapula on posterior aspect

217
Q

Teres Major Insertion

A

Medial lip of intertubercular groove

218
Q

Teres Major Actions

A

-Adduction of arm
-Extension of arm
-Internal rotation of arm

219
Q

Teres Major Innervation

A

Lower scapular nerve

220
Q

what does the term “miss between two majors mean”

A

latissimus dorsi between pec major and teres major

221
Q

Erector Spinae Muscles

A

3 paired longitudinal muscles running along the vertebral column:
1. Iliocostalis (most lateral)
2. Longissimus
3. Spinalis (most medial)

222
Q

Erector Spinae Muscles Actions

A

-Bilateral contraction: extension of vertebral column

-Unilateral contraction: lateral flexion of vertebral column

223
Q

Muscle that originates from pubis symphysis is:

A

Rectus Abdominis

224
Q

Arterial Supply steps 1-6

A
  1. Subclavian artery
  2. Axillary artery
  3. Brachial artery
  4. Profunda brachii
  5. Radial artery
  6. Ulnar artery
225
Q

When does subclavian artery become axillary artery

A

border of first rib

226
Q

When does axillary artery become brachial artery

A

inferior border of teres major

227
Q

Venous drainage of deep veins

A

Palmar venous arches to Ulnar & Radial veins to Brachial vein to Axillary vein

228
Q

Venous drainage of superficial veins

A

Digital vein to palmar venous arches to Cephalic & basilic veins to Axillary vein

229
Q

General Venous Drainage

A
  1. Radial vein
  2. Ulnar vein
  3. Brachial vein
  4. Basilic vein
  5. Cephalic vein
  6. Axillary vein
  7. Subclavian vein
230
Q

Where is the Axilla located

A

between thorax and upper limb

231
Q

Purpose of axilla

A

passage for blood vessels and nerves

232
Q

What does the brachial plexus innervate

A

muscles of pectoral girdle, upper limb, and skin of forearm & hand

233
Q

What are roots of BP formed by

A

spinal nerves C1-T5

234
Q

2 Nerves branching off the roots of BP

A

-Dorsal scapular nerve (innervates levator scapulae & Rhomboids)

-Long Thoracic Nerve (innervates serratus anterior)

235
Q

Terms for the 3 trunks that roots converge to

A

Superior, Middle, Inferior

236
Q

Nerve branching off superior trunk and what it innervates

A

Suprascapular nerve that innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus

237
Q

Each trunk braches to:

A

an anterior and posterior division; 6 total

238
Q

Names of 3 cords of BP

A

Lateral, Posterior, and Medial; relative to axillary artery

239
Q

What branches of the lateral cord and what does it innervate?

A

The lateral pectoral nerve that innervates Pectoralis Major

240
Q

What branches off the medial cord and what does it innervate?

A

The medial pectoral nerve that innervates Pectoralis major and minor

241
Q

What branches off the posterior cord and what does it innervate?

A

-The Thoracodorsal nerve that innervates latissimus dorsi

-SUbscapular nerves that innervate subscapularis and teres major

242
Q

The 5 branches of the BP

A

Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median and Ulanr nerves

243
Q

What does the Musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A

Muscles ofthe anterior compartmet of the arm; pierces coracobrachialis

244
Q

What does the axillary nerve innervate?

A

Deltoid and teres minor

245
Q

What does the median nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of anterior forearm (2 exceptions) and muscles of the hand

246
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of posterior arm and forearm

247
Q

What does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

FCU, FDP and muscles of the hand

248
Q

vertebrae that supply Musculocutaneous nerve

249
Q

Vertebrae that supply Radial and Median Nerve

250
Q

Vertebrae that supply ulnar nerve

251
Q

Vertebrae that supply Axillary nerve

252
Q

If the posterior cord of BP was damaged, which nerves would be affected?

A

Axillary & Radial

253
Q

Components of distal radius

A

-ulnar notch; articulates with head of ulna and forms distal radio-ulnar joint

-Styloid Process

254
Q

Component of distal ulna

A

Styloid process; articulates at distal radio-ulnar joint

255
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

Fibrous sheath separating forearm muscles

256
Q

Annular Ligament

A

holds radius to ulna proximally; thick band surrounding head of radius; allows for pronation and supination

257
Q

Radioulnar Ligaments

A

stabilizes distal radioulnar joint

258
Q

Pronation/supination

A

radius folds over ulna

259
Q

3 categories of wrist and hand bones

A

carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (proximal to distal)

260
Q

Carpal Bones

A

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium

261
Q

What carpal bone can you NOT see from dorsal view

262
Q

Feature of Hamate

A

Hook of Hamate

263
Q

Joints of the Wrist

A

Radiocarpal Joint and Ulnocarpal Joint

264
Q

Radiocarpal Joint

A

radius articulates with scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum; ellipsoidal join

**only articular component of wrist joint

265
Q

Ulnocarpal Joint

A

Ulna connects with lunate and triquetrum via indirect articulation with bursa

266
Q

Phalanges 3 categories

A

Distal, middle and proximal Phalanx

*Thumb has only proximal and distal phalanx

267
Q

Metacarpals

A

numbered 1-5 lateral to medial

268
Q

Joint connecting carpals to metacarpals

A

carpometacarpal

269
Q

Joint connecting metacarpals to phalanges

A

metacarpophalangeal

270
Q

Two names of pahalange joints

A

proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal*thumb only has proximal interphalangeal joint

271
Q

3 layers of anterior forearm

A

Superficial, Intermediate, and deep

272
Q

4 muscles in superficial layer of anterior forearm

A
  1. Pronator teres
  2. Flexor Carpi radialis
  3. Palmaris
  4. Flexor carpi ulnaris
273
Q

Intermediate muscle of anterior forearm

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

274
Q

3 deep muscles of anterior forearm

A
  1. Flexor digitorum profundus
  2. Pronator quadratus
  3. Flexor Pollicis longus
275
Q

Where is the common flexor origin

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

276
Q

Pronator Teres Origin

A

medial epicondyle of humerus (CFO)

277
Q

Pronator teres Insertion

A

Lateral Radius

278
Q

Pronator teres action

A

Pronation of forearm

279
Q

Flexor Carpi Radialis Origin

A

medial epicondyle of humerus (CFO)

280
Q

Flexor Carpi Radialis Insertion

A

2nd and 3rd metacarpals

281
Q

Flexor Carpi Radialis Action

A

-Flexion of wrist
-Abduction of wrist

282
Q

Palmaris Longus Origin

A

medial epicondyle of humerus (CFO)

283
Q

Palmaris Longus Insertion

A

Palmar aponeurosis

284
Q

Palmaris Longus Action

A

Weak flexion of wrist

285
Q

What is palmar aponeurosis

A

thickening of palmar fascia,continuous with the tendon of palmaris longus

286
Q

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Origin

A

-Medial epicondyle of humerus (CFO)
-olecranon of ulna

287
Q

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Insertion

A

-Pisiform
-hook of hamate
-5th metacarpal

288
Q

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Action

A

-Flexion of wrist
-adduction of wrist

289
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis Origin

A

-medial epicondyle of humerus (CFO)
-anterior surface of radius and ulna

290
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis Insertion

A

4 tendons split and insert on phalanges 2-5

291
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis actions

A

-Flexion of wrist
-Flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5
-flexion of proximal interphalangeal joints 2-5

292
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus Origin

A

-Ulna
-interosseus membrane

293
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus Insertion

A

Distal phalanges 2-5

294
Q

FLexor Digitorum profundus Actions

A

-Flexion of wrist
-Flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5
-flexion of proximal interphalangeal joints 2-5
-flexion of distal interphalangeal joints 2-5

295
Q

Flexor pollicis longus Origin

A

-Anterior radius
-Interosseous membrane

296
Q

Flexor Pollicis longus Insertion

A

Distal phalanx of the thumb

297
Q

Flexor Pollicis Longus action

A

flexion of the thumb

298
Q

Pronator Quadratus Origin

A

DIstal anterior surface of ulna

299
Q

Pronator Quadratus Insertion

A

Distal anterior surface of radius

300
Q

Pronator Quadratus Action

A

Pronation of forearm

301
Q

Anterior Forearm Innervation

A

All innervated by median nerve EXCEPT Flexor Carpi Ulnaris; innervated by ulnar nerve AND flexor digitorum profundus is innervated by both the median and ulnar nerves

302
Q

What is the flexor retimaculum

A

connective tissue on palmar surface of wrist holding tendons of flexor in place; forms roof of carpal tunnel

303
Q

Carpal Tunnel

A

flexor retinacculum arches over carpal bones which contains Flexor digitorum profundus & superficialis and Flexor pollicis longus; compresses median nerve

304
Q

Superficial muscles of posterior forearm (6)

A

-Brachioradialis
-Extensor carpi radialis longus
-Extensor carpi radialis brevis
-Extensor digitorum
-Extensor digiti minimi
-Extensor carpi ulnaris

305
Q

Deep muscles of posterior forearm (5)

A

-Supinator
-Abductor pollicis longus
-Extensor pollicis brevis
-Extensor pollicis longus
-Extensor indicis

306
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis Origin

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus (CEO)

307
Q

common extensor origin

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus

308
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis Insertion

A

2nd and 3rd metacarpals

309
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis actions

A

-extension of wrist
-abduction of wrist

310
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris Origin

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus (CEO)

311
Q

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Insertion

A

Base of 5th metacarpal

312
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris actions

A

-extension of wrist
-adduction of wrist

313
Q

Extensor digitorum origin

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus (CEO)

314
Q

Extensor digitorum insertion

A

Posterior surfaces of phalanges 2-5

315
Q

Extensor digitorum actions

A

-extension of wrist
-extension of fingers

316
Q

Extensor digiti minimi origin

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus (CEO)

317
Q

Extensor digiti minimi insertion

A

Middle phalanx of pinky finger, posteriorly

318
Q

Extensor digiti minimi actions

A

-extension of wrist
-extension of 5th digit

319
Q

Supinator Origin

A

-lateral epicondyle of humerus (CEO)
-proximal ulna

320
Q

Supinator Insertion

A

Lateral proximal radius

321
Q

Supinator action

A

Supination

322
Q

Abductor Pollicis longus Origin

A

-Proximal ulna & radius, posteriorly

323
Q

Abductor pollicis longus insertion

A

1st metacarpal

324
Q

Abductor pollicis longus action

A

abduction of thumb and wrist

325
Q

Extensor pollicis longus origin

A

-posterior ulna
-interosseous membrane

326
Q

Extensor pollicis longus insertion

A

Thumb, distal phalanx

327
Q

Extensor pollicis longus action

A

extension of thumb

328
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis origin

A

-posterior radius
-interosseous membrane

329
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis insertion

A

Thumb, proximal phalanx

330
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis action

A

extension of thumb

331
Q

Extensor indicis Origin

A

posterior distal ulna and interosseous membrane

332
Q

extensor indicis insertion

A

index finger

333
Q

Extensor indicis action

A

-extention of index finger
-extension of wrist

334
Q

Anatomical snuffbox

A

Lateral to medial; Abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus

335
Q

Posterior forearm innervation

A

ALL innervated by radial nerve

336
Q

A person has lost ability to flex and adduct wrist, which muscle affected

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

337
Q

Extensor retinaculum

A

Posterior connective tissue covering wrist; dorsal surface

338
Q

Extrinsic muscles of hand

A

-originate in the forearm and insert on hand; control crude movements

339
Q

Intrinsic muscles of hand

A

-originate and insert within hand
-control fine movements

Year 2 - Semester 1 (6 decks)

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