Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

M2 - Hearing Impairment > AnaPhy of the Auditory System > Flashcards

AnaPhy of the Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

Encases the ear

A

Temporal Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most visible part of the ear
Composed primarily of cartilage

A

Pinna/Auricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What gives pinna its unique shape and size?

A

Concavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of the pinna?

A

Sound collection (funneling sound in)

Sound localization (ability to locate where sound is coming from)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sounds arrive earlier in ear closest to sound source

A

Interaural timing difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Difference in sound level due to head shadow effect and distance

A

Interaural level differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Unique size and shape of pinna helps us determine where along vertical plane sound is coming from

A

Pinna effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

S-shaped canal; Access route to tympanic membrane

A

External Auditory Canal / External auditory meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of the EAC?

A

For sound transmission
For sound resonation - amplification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Underlies the self-cleaning mechanism of the ear canal and removal of wax

A

Epithelial migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inflammation of outer ear

A

Otitis externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pushed earwax further into the ear

A

Impacted cerumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Canal bends

EAC is short, straight and directed upwards

A

<3 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In children >3 years old, EAC is

A

S-shaped, long, directed downwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

To fully inspect the ears, we need to straighten the ear canals first then …

A

pull pinna down and back for <3 years old

pull pinna up and back for >3 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pinna missing completely

A

Anotia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pinna is small and not formed properly

A

Microtia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

EAC missing completely

A

Atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

EAC small/narrow

A

Stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Grade at which the upper ear is severely deficient + the ear canal may be present or absent

A

Grade 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Grade at which the ear is smaller but still looks like an ear

A

Grade 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Grade at which the ear canal is absent

A

Grade 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Grade at which there’s Anotia and Atresia

A

Grade 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Elastic, thin, and cone shaped structure that is flexible and tough

A

Tympanic Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Functions of the tympanic membrane

A

Protection
Sound Transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Only part of the tympanic membrane that is involved in transmission of acoustic energy from outer ear to middle ear; Larger, stiffer portion

A

Pars Tensa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lax part of the Tympanic Membrane

A

Pars Flaccida

28
Q

Middle ear inflammation
Common in children between 6-11 months

A

Otitis Media

29
Q

Complication of Chronic Otitis Media

Build up of fluid in the middle ear space → pressure → TM bursts

Hearing loss of 0-40dB

A

Perforation

30
Q

Smallest bones in the body that conducts sound from middle to inner ear

A

Ossicles

31
Q

3 bones in the ossicular chain

A

malleus, incus, stapes

32
Q

Where is the malleus attached to the TM?

A

Manubrium

33
Q

Where is the stapes attached to the oval window?

A

via its foot plate

34
Q

Bilateral reflex that protects against loud sounds

A

Acoustic reflex

35
Q

Main muscle for Acoustic reflex

A

Stapedius

36
Q

other muscle involved in the Acoustic reflex

A

Tensor tympani

37
Q

Time delay of ____ is present for acoustic reflex and this presents a problem for sudden loud sounds

A

200 ms

38
Q

Connects middle ear to the nasopharynx

A

Eustachian Tube

39
Q

Function of the Eustachian Tube

A

Maintain air pressure within middle ear

40
Q

Opens the Eustachian Tube during swallowing and yawning

A

Tensor Veli Palatini (CN 5, Trigeminal)

41
Q

In infants and small children, eustachian tube is narrower, shorter and more horizontal

TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

42
Q

Allows a sound wave travelling in air (in the outer ear and middle ear) to become a sound wave travelling in fluid (in the inner ear)

A

Middle Ear Transformation System

43
Q

METS: High surface of TM → push small surface of oval window (caused by the pushing of the stapes footplate)

Gain Approx. : 25 dB

A

Areal ratio

44
Q

METS: TM parts do not move in unison with one another → generates additional force

Gain Approx. : 6 dB

A

TM buckling effect

45
Q

METS: Stapes → oval window → (upper chamber) scala vestibuli → apex → (lower chamber) scala tympani → round window will move forward and back → generates additional energy pabalik sa taas

Gain Approx. : 4 dB

A

Window phase differential

46
Q

Innervation of the Conductive Pathway

A

CN 5 (Trigeminal)
CN 7 (Facial)
CN 9 (Glossopharyngeal)
CN 10 (Vagus)

47
Q

2 Labyrinths on the Inner Ear:

___ - contains perilymph → encases the:

Membranous - contains ___

A

Bony, endolymph

48
Q

Resembles a snail shell; a coiled structure

A

Cochlea

49
Q

3 SCALA of the Cochlea

A

Scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani

50
Q

2 MEMBRANES of the Cochlea

A

Reissner’s membrane and basilar membrane

51
Q

Contains several thousand hair cells/cilia that respond to vibrations of basilar membrane

A

Organ of Corti

52
Q

2 Major Structures of the Organ of Corti

A

Hair Cells (Inner & Outer)
Basilar Membrane

53
Q

Main structure that supports the traveling wave, responsible for the frequency tuning/ tonotopicity of the cochlea

A

Basilar Membrane

54
Q

Base of the BM is narrow and stiff; responsible for

A

High Frequency

55
Q

Apex of the BM is wider and more flaccid; responsible for

A

Low Frequency

56
Q

Vibration of the basilar membrane gets picked up by hair cells

A

Transduction of Sound

57
Q

Transduction of Sound up to the Central Pathway.

Explain.

A

Stapes → oval window → scala vestibuli → apex → scala tympani → move basilar membrane in scala media → vibration of the BM gets picked up by the hair cells → OHC comes in contact with the TM (jump and twitch) → motion of the TM is influenced (shearing motion)→ comes in contact with the IHC → stereocilia (hair-like structures on the IHC) bends → tip links (mechanically gated channels between the stereocilia where calcium and potassium enters) opens → triggers an electrical response (inflow of calcium and potassium inside the hair cell) → depolarization of the HC → release of neurotransmitter → can communicate with the auditory nerve → exits at the IAC → Fibers now terminate at the cochlear nucleus → synapse with neurons that ascend to the inferior colliculus which further extend to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus → neurons project to the auditory cortex (main area for auditory processing

58
Q

Cochlear amplifier; jump and “twitch” to increase vibration along basilar membrane

A

Outer Hair Cells

59
Q

True sensory neurons

A

Inner Hair Cells

60
Q

Coding for Frequency: _____

Via the basilar membrane
Base (narrow and stiff): high freq.
Apex (wider and more lax): low freq.

A

Traveling Wave

61
Q

Coding for Intensity: ______
Number of neurons firing (recruitment)

↑ recruitment = ↑ intensity

A

Rate of neural activity

62
Q

CN 8

A

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE

63
Q

Hair cell receptors synapse with the ____ branch of CN 8

A

Cochlear branch

64
Q

Vestibular branch
- Innervates the vestibular apparatus include the ___ of your inner ear

A

Semicircular canals

65
Q

VCN exits through the ____

A

Internal auditory canal

M2 - Hearing Impairment (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions