Acoustic Analysis of Speech Flashcards
Study of sound as a physical phenomenon
Acoustics
Vibration or disturbance in the air that is potentially audible
Sound
Movement of particles in a transmitting medium
Sound Wave
When molecules are pushed close together –> ???
Compression
Gaps between compressions are ___
Rarefactions
The time it takes for one cycle of compression and rarefaction
Wavelength
We perceive sound in terms of their ___
acoustic correlates
The amount of force per unit area
Intensity
Intensity is measured in __
decibels (dB)
Greater amplitude = [Greater / Lesser?] intensity of sound
Greater
0 dB means silence – TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE - the sound is only 0dB above the reference point
The number of cycles per second
Frequency
Frequency is measured in ___
Hertz (Hz)
Human ear can detect frequencies over the range of ___Hz to ___Hz
20Hz to 20,000Hz
Integers of the first harmonic / fundamental frequency
Harmonics
Frequency with which a source of sound normally vibrates
Natural Frequency
Natural Frequency is determined by ___ and ___
mass & stiffness
↑ stiffness = __ frequency
↑ mass = __ frequency
↑ stiffness = ↑ frequency
↑ mass = ↓ frequency
Lowest pure tone component of a complex sound wave
Fundamental Frequency / F0 / first harmonic
Formula for fundamental frequency
F0 = cycle / second
Extremely important in the identification of speech sounds
Formant Frequency
Most imporant formant frequencies for vowels
F1 and F2
Regions of high intensity
Formant Frequency
F1 is the ____
tongue height
F2 is the ____
tongue position
HIGH F1 = ___ tongue height
LOW tongue height
LOW F1 = ___ tongue height
HIGH tongue height
HIGH F2 = ____ tongue position
CLUE: High Five!
Front
LOW F2 = ____ tongue position
Back
In consonants, F1 is the size of the
Pharyngeal Cavity
In consonants, F2 is the size of the
Oral and Nasal Cavity
Involves greater buildup of pressure & more rapid onset rise time / rapid onset bursts
Has a closure gap that is near silent
Stops
Distinctive feature that indicates the time between burst and voicing
Voice Onset Time
Have longer, smoother amplitude rise times
Have a random aperiodic noise called frication
Fricatives
VOT of voiced stops is [long or short?]
Short
VOT of voiceless stops is [long or short?]
Long
Have properties of both stops (rapid onset time for voicing, silence) and fricatives (random aperiodic noise)
Affricates
Strong low frequency energy
Presence of nasal murmur
Nasals
Patterns are not as clear cut as other consonants
Liquids/ Glides/ Approximants
Which phonemes have bursting and closure gaps?
Stops, affricates
Which phonemes have frication?
Fricatives, affricates
Which phonemes have low frequency energy?
Voiced fricatives and nasals