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MLS-1C 1stSem (MIDTERMS) > ANAPHY LEC > Flashcards

ANAPHY LEC Flashcards

1
Q

_____________ is required for the body’s cells to synthesize the chemical energy molecule

A

Oxygen

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2
Q

__________________ is a by-product of ATP production and must be removed from the blood

A

Carbon Dioxide

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3
Q

Encloses the chamber for air respiration

A

External Nose

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4
Q

is a cleaning, warming, and humidifying chamber for inspired air

A

Nasal Cavity

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5
Q

is commonly called the the throat. It serves as a shared passageway for food and air

A

Pharynx

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6
Q

is commonly known as the windpipe. Its rigid structure helps keep the airway constantly open, or patent

A

Trachea

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7
Q

are tubes that direct air to the lungs

A

Bronchi

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8
Q

is commonly known as the windpipe. It serves as an air-cleaning tube to funnel inspired air to the lungs

A

Trachea

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9
Q

is a labyrinth of air tubes and a complex network of air sacs, called alveoli and capillaries

A

Lungs

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10
Q

the movement of air in to and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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11
Q

the diffusion of gases across cell membranes

A

Respiration

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12
Q

movement of gases between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood

A

External Respiration

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13
Q

the movement of gases between the blood and the body’s cells

A

Internal Respiration

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14
Q

includes structures from the nose to the larynx

A

Upper Respiratory Tract

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15
Q

includes structures from the trachea through the alveoli in the lungs

A

Lower Respiratory Tract

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16
Q

encompasses structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation

A

Conducting Zone

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17
Q

is solely within the lungs and includes some specialized small air tubes and the alveoli. This is where gas exchange also occurs

A

Respiratory Zone

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18
Q

Carbon Dioxide and O2 travel in the blood to and from cells

A

Gas Transport

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19
Q

5 Functions of Respiratory System

A

1.) Regulation of blood pH
2.) Production of Chemical Mediators
3.) Voice Production
4.) Olfaction
5.) Protection

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20
Q

The anterior external openings of the nasal cavity

A

Nares or Nostrils

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21
Q

Posterior openings in to the Pharynx

A

Choanae

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22
Q

Separates the oral cavity in the mouth

A

Hard Palate

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23
Q

The nasal cavity is divided into 2 parts. The two halves are separated by a wall called ________________

A

Nasal septum

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24
Q

Turbinate Bones; help the air churn through the nasal cavity

A

Conchae

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25
Q

Tear drainage from the surface of the eye

A

Nasolacrimal Ducts

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26
Q

The inflammation of the mucous membrane of a sinus, especially one or more of the paranasal sinuses.

A

Sinusitis

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27
Q

5 Functions of Nasal Cavity

A

1.) Serves as a passageway of air
2.) Cleans the air
3.) Humidifies and warms the air
4.) Contains the olfactory epithelium
5.) Helps determine voice sounds

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28
Q

Is the opening of both digestive and the respiratory system, also known as the throat

A

Pharynx

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29
Q

3 regions of pharnyx

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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30
Q

The most superior portion of the pharnyx

A

Nasopharynx

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31
Q

An incomplete partition composed of muscle and connective tissue

A

Soft Palate

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32
Q

The posterior wall of the nasopharynx houses the __________________ or ____________

A

pharyngeal tonsil, adenoids

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33
Q

The continuation of the nasopharynx. It is immediately posterior to the mouth and begins at the soft palate.

A

Oropharynx

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34
Q

Two groups of tonsils that are located near the fauces

A

Palatine tonsils and Lingual tonsils

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35
Q

It spans the posterior length of the larynx: from the most superior larynx structure, the epiglottis, to the epiglottis, to esophagus.

A

Laryngopharynx

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36
Q

Located in the anterior part of the Laryngopharynx and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea. AKA voice box

A

Larnyx

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37
Q

The 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
  • Epiglottis
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38
Q

Largest of the cartilages. Single shield shaped piece of cartilage, aka Adams Apple

A

Thyroid Cartilage

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39
Q

Forms the base of the larynx. A single piece of cartilage upon the cartilage upon which the other cartilages rest.

A

Cricoid cartilage

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40
Q

A single piece of cartilage that is attached to the thyroid cartilage and projects superiorly. It is unique among the larynx cartilages because it is a freely movable flap and is constructed of elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage. It helps divert food away from the trachea

A

Epiglottis

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41
Q

3 paired cartilages in the larynx

A
  • Arytenoid
  • Corniculate
  • Cuneiform
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42
Q

2 ligaments of the Larynx

A
  • Vocal folds
  • Vestibular folds
43
Q

Known as the false vocal cords, superior pair of ligaments.

A

Vestibular folds

44
Q

Known as the True vocal cords, the inferior ligaments of the larynx

A

Vocal Folds

45
Q

Inflammation of the vocal cords, this makes the person “lose” his/her voice

A

Laryngitis

46
Q

The primary source of sound production

A

Vocal Folds

47
Q

The trachea is reinforced with ________ C shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage.

A

15-20

48
Q

C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage in the trachea are called

A

Tracheal Rings

49
Q

The thickest portion of cartilage is at the ________________________________

A

Anterior wall of the Trachea

50
Q

_________________ devoid of cartilage and contains an elastic ligamentous membrane and bundles of smooth muscle

A

Posterior wall of the trachea

51
Q

Parts of the Upper respiratory tract

A

1.) External Nose
2.) Nasal Cavity
3.) Pharynx
4.) Larynx

52
Q

Commonly known as the windpipe. Allows air to flow into the lungs

A

Trachea

53
Q

Trachea divides into 2 smaller tubes called

A

Main bronchi or primary bronchi

54
Q

The ridge of cartilage that divides the trachea into 2 main bronchi

A

Carina

55
Q

Consists of the trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs.

A

Tracheobronchial Tree

56
Q

Arise directly from the main bronchi. C-shaped cartilages are replaced with cartilage plates

A

Lobar Bronchi or Secondary Bronchi

57
Q

Supply subdivisions within each lung lobe, which are bronchopulmonary segments.

A

Segmental Bronchi or Tertiary Bronchi

58
Q

As the bronchi become smaller, the ________________ becomes sparse, and _______________ becomes abundant

A

Cartilage, Smooth muscle

59
Q

The continued branching of the segmental bronchi, it is less than 1mm in diameter and has less cartilage and more smooth muscle

A

Bronchioles

60
Q

Arise from several subdivisions of bronchioles. It has no cartilage in its walls, but smooth muscle layer is prominent

A

Terminal Bronchioles

61
Q

Occurs when the smooth muscle relaxes, making the bronchiole diameter larger.

A

Bronchodilation

62
Q

Occurs when smooth muscle contracts, making the bronchiole diameter smaller.

A

Bronchoconstriction

63
Q

Is severe bronchodilation

A

Asthma attack

64
Q

Medication to counteract asthma attacks

A

Albuterol

65
Q

Are small, air filled chambers where the air and the blood come into close contact with each other.

A

Alveoli

66
Q

Have a few attached alveoli. Can divide to increase the number of attached alveoli

A

Respiratory Bronchioles

67
Q

Arise from respiratory bronchioles. Are like long, branching hallways with many open doorways.

A

Alveolar Ducts

68
Q

Chambers connected to two or more alveoli at the end of an alveolar duct.

A

Alveolar Sacs

69
Q

Two types of cells from the alveolar wall.

A

(1) Squamous Epithelial cells
(2) surfactant-secreting cells

70
Q

Thin squamous epithelial cells form __ of the alveolar surface.

A

90%

71
Q

The alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries form the ________________ in the lungs.

A

respiratory membrane

72
Q

The general respiratory membrane components:

A
  1. The alveolar cell layer
  2. An interstitial space between the alveolar layer and the capillary layer.
  3. The capillary endothelial layer.
73
Q

Individual layers of the respiratory membrane. (6 individual layers)

A
  1. A thin layer of alveolar fluid
  2. The alveolar epithelium
  3. Basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium
  4. Thin interstitial space
  5. Basement membrane of the capillary endothelium
  6. Capillary endothelium
74
Q

Thoracic wall consists of:

A
  1. Thoracic vertebrae
  2. Ribs
  3. Costal cartilages
  4. Sternum
  5. Associated muscles
75
Q

The ____________ is the space enclosed by the thoracic wall and the _____________.

A

thoracic cavity; diaphragm

76
Q

Primary organs of respiration

A

Lungs

77
Q

Each lung is __________ in shape

A

conical

78
Q

Portion of the lungs in contact with the diaphragm

A

Base

79
Q

the portion of the lungs that extends above the clavicle

A

Apex

80
Q

is the indentation on the medial surface of the lungs

A

Hilum

81
Q

all the structures passing through the hilum are referred to as the ______________________

A

root of the lung

82
Q

large section in the lungs

A

Lobes (3 Right, 2 Left)

83
Q

the lung lobes are separated by deep, prominent _____________ in the surface of the lung, the medial indentation in the left lung, this structure provides structural arrangement provides room for the heart to lie between the lungs

A

Fissures

84
Q

the lung lobes are further subdivided into

A

bronchopulmonary segments

85
Q

bronchopulmonary segments that are subdivided into

A

Lobules

86
Q

the 2 lymphatic supplies of the lungs

A
  • Superficial lymphatic vessels
  • Deep lymphatic vessels
87
Q

superficial lymphatic vessels are deep to connective tissue that surrounds each lung ____________

A

Visceral Pleura

88
Q

These vessels drain lymph from the superficial lung tissue and the visceral pleura

A

Superficial lymphatic vessels

89
Q

these vessels drain lymph from the bronchi and associated connective tissue

A

Deep lymphatic vessels

90
Q

act to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity

A

muscle of inspiration

91
Q

Muscles included in the muscles of inspiration

A

1.) Diaphragm
2.) External Intercostals
3.) Pectoralis Minor
4.) Scalene Muscles

92
Q

muscles included in the muscles of expiration

A

1.) Internal Intercostals
2.) Transverse thoracis w/ the help of abdominal muscles

93
Q

the relationship between pressure and volume is an _________________________

A

inverse

94
Q

is the process of measuring volume of air that move into and out of the respiratory system

A

Spirometry

95
Q

the device used to measure these pulmonary volumes

A

Spirometer

96
Q

the normal value of air inspired and expired with each breath.

A

Tidal volume (apx 500mL)

97
Q

the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration

A

Expiratory reserve volume (apx 1100mL)

98
Q

limits the depth of inspiration and prevents overinflation of the lungs

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

99
Q

the highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood PH

A

Anaerobic Exercise

100
Q

part of the brain that controls the respiratory rate

A

Medulla Oblongata

101
Q

believed to establish the basic rhythm of respiration

A

pre-Botzinger complex

102
Q

formerly known as the pneumotaxic center, is a collection of neurons in in the pons that helps regulate respiration rate

A

Poutine Respiratory group

103
Q

factors affecting gas diffusion

A

1.) Membrane thickness
2.) Membrane surface area
3.) Partial pressure of gases

104
Q

Forms a longitudinal column of cells in the dorsal part of each half of the medulla oblongata

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group

MLS-1C 1stSem (MIDTERMS) (6 decks)

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