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Anaphy > Anaphy Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Anaphy Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties.

A

Element

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2
Q

Number of protons in its nucleus.

A

Atomic number of an element

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3
Q

What are the 6 elements that are essential in our body.

A

O, C, H, N, Ca, P

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4
Q

Inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passes up the food chain to humans.

A

Minerals

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5
Q

What are the inorganic elements or minerals.

A

Ca, P, Cl, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, and S

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6
Q

Needed for nerve and muscle function are mineral salts.

A

Electrolytes

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7
Q

Atomic theory

A

John Dalton

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8
Q

Planetary model

A

Neils Bohr

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9
Q

Center of atom

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

Single + charge

A

Protons

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11
Q

No charge

A

Nuetrons

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12
Q

In concentric shells that orbit the nucleus

A

Electrons

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13
Q

Single - charge

A

Electrons

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14
Q

Determine the chemical properties of an atom.

A

Electrons

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15
Q

Determine chemical bonding properties of an atom.

A

Valence electrons in the outermost shell.

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16
Q

Varieties of an element that differ from one another only in the number of neutrons and therefore in atomic mass

A

Isotopes

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17
Q

Unstable isotopes that give off radiation

A

Radioisotopes

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18
Q

Radioisotopes decay to stable isotopes while releasing radiation

A

Radioactivity

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19
Q

Received Noble Prize

A

Madame Curie

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20
Q

Coined the term radioactivity

A

Madame Curie

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21
Q

Discover radioactivity of polonium and radiation

A

Madame Curie

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22
Q

Radiation ejects electrons from atoms converting atoms to ions.

A

High-energy

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23
Q

Deadly in high doses, in low doses, mutagenic and carcinogenic

A

High-energy

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24
Q

Source of High-energy:

A

Uv light
X-rays
Nuclear decay

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25
Q

Molecules with an unpaired electron

A

Free radicals

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26
Q

Alters lipids, proteins and DNA- trigger for human diseases

A

Free radicals

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27
Q

Inability of the body to regulate free radicals

A

Oxidative stress

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28
Q

(dangerous if inside the body) cannot penetrate skin

A

a particle (Alpha)

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29
Q

2 protons + 2 neutrons

A

a particle (Alpha)

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30
Q

(dangerous if inside the body) penetrates skin a few millimeters

A

B particle (Beta)

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31
Q

(emitted from uranium and plutonium), penetrating; very dangerous

A

Y particle (Gamma)

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32
Q

Time needed for 50% to decay into a stable state.

A

Physical half-life of radioisotopes

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33
Q

Create radioisotopes

A

Nuclear power plants

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34
Q

Time needed for 50% to disappear from the body.

A

Biological half-life of radioisotopes

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35
Q

5 Sv or more

A

usually fatal

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36
Q

Source of Sieverts (Sv)

A

X-rays
Radiation therapy
Consumer products

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37
Q

Charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons

A

Ions

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38
Q

1-3 valence electrons

A

give up

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39
Q

4-7 valence electrons

A

tend to gain

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40
Q

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another

A

Ionization

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41
Q

Atom that gains electrons (net negative charge)

A

Anion

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42
Q

Atom that loses an electrons (net positive charge)

A

Cation

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43
Q

Salts that ionize in water and form solution capable of conducting an electric current

A

Electrolytes

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44
Q

•Chemical reactivity
•Osmotic effect (influence water movement)
•Electrical effects on nerves and muscle tissues.

A

Electrolyte importance

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45
Q

One of the most important consideration in patient care

A

Electrolyte balance

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46
Q

Have ranging effects from muscle cramps, brittle bones, to comma and cardiac arrest.

A

Imbalances

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47
Q

Chemical properties with an odd number of electrons

A

Free radicals

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48
Q

Neutralize free radicals

A

Antioxidant

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49
Q

Chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond

A

Molecules

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50
Q

Molecules composed of two or more different elements

A

Compounds

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51
Q

Identify constituent elements and how many atoms of each are present

A

Molecular formula

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52
Q

Molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangement of their atom

A

Isomers

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53
Q

Forces that hold molecules together or attract one molecule to another

A

Chemical bonds

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54
Q

Types of chemical bonds

A

Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Van der waals forces

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55
Q

Relatively weak attraction between an ion and a cation. Easily disrupted in water as when salts dissolved

A

Ionic bond

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56
Q

Sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between nuclei

A

Covalent bond

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57
Q

Sharing of one electron pair

A

Single covalent

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58
Q

Sharing of two electron pairs

A

Double covalent

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59
Q

Covalent bond in which electrons are equally attracted to both nuclei. Strongest type of chemical bond

A

Nonpolar covalent

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60
Q

Covalent bond in which electrons are more attracted to one nucleus than to the other, resulting in slightly positive and negative regions in one molecule.

A

Polar covalent

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61
Q

Weak attraction between polarized molecule or between polarized region of the same molecule.

A

Hydrogen bond

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62
Q

Important in the three-dimensional folding and coiling of large molecules.

A

Hydrogen bond

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63
Q

Easily disrupted by temperature and pH changes.

A

Hydrogen bond

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64
Q

Weak, brief attraction due to the random disturbances in the electron clouds of adjacent atoms.

A

Van der Waals force

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65
Q

Weakest of all bonds

A

Van der Waals force

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66
Q

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another.

A

Hydrogen bond

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67
Q

Water molecules are weakly attracted to each other by:

A

Hydrogen bonds

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68
Q

•Very important to physiology
•Protein structure
•DNA structure

A

Hydrogen bonds

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69
Q

Weak, brief attraction between neutral atoms.

A

Van der Waal forces

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70
Q

Fluctuations in electron density and electron cloud of a molecule creates polarity for a movement and can attract adjacent molecule in the region for a very short instant in time.

A

Van der Waals forces

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71
Q

Only 1% as strong as a covalent bond

A

Van der Waals forces

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72
Q

Consist of substances physically blended, but not chemically combined

A

Mixtures

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73
Q

Give water a set of properties that account for its ability to support life

A

Polar covalent bonds and V-shaped molecule

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74
Q

Give the five best description of water as a “universal solvent”

A

Solvency
Cohesion
Adhesion
Chemical reactivity
Thermal stability

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75
Q

Ability to dissolve other chemicals

A

Solvency

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76
Q

Substances that dissolve in water

A

Hydrophilic

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77
Q

Molecules must be polarized or charged

A

Hydrophilic

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78
Q

Substances that do not dissolve in water

A

Hydrophobic

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79
Q

Molecules are nonpolar or neutral (fat)

A

Hydrophobic

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80
Q

Tendency of one substance to cling to another

A

Adhesion

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81
Q

Tendency of like molecules to cling to each other

A

Cohesion

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82
Q

It is the ability to participate in chemical reaction

A

Chemical reactivity

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83
Q

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1° C

A

High heat capacity

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84
Q

The amount of heat that arises the temperature of 1 g of water 1° C

A

Calorie (cal)

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85
Q

Particles exceed 100 nm;
Too large two penetrate selectively permeable membranes;
Cloudly or opaque in appearance; Separates in standing.

A

Suspension

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86
Q

Suspension of one liquid in another

A

Emulsion

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87
Q

Fat in breast milk

A

Emulsion

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88
Q

Weight/Volume of solute in solution

A

Percentages

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89
Q

Known number of molecules per volume

A

Molarity

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90
Q

Moles of solute/liter of solution

A

Molarity

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91
Q

•Number of molecules unequal •Weight of solute equal

A

Percentage

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92
Q

•Number of molecules equal
•Weight of solute unequal

A

Molar

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93
Q

Important for their chemical, physical, and electrical effects on the body

A

Electrolytes

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94
Q

Determine nerve, hearts, and muscle actions

A

Electrical effects

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95
Q

Proton donor

A

Acid

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96
Q

Proton acceptor

A

Base

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97
Q

Releases H+ ions in water

A

Acid

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98
Q

Accepts H+ ions

A

Base

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99
Q

Releases OH- ions in water

A

Base

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100
Q

A measure derived from the molarity of H+

A

pH

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101
Q

7.0

A

Neutral pH

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102
Q

Less than 7

A

Acidic solution

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103
Q

Greater than 7

A

Basic solution

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104
Q

Measurement of molarity of H+ [H+] on a logarithmic scale

A

pH

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105
Q

Who invented the pH scale in 1909 to measure acidity of beer

A

Sören Sörensen

106
Q

It uses by our body to resist changes in pH

A

Buffers

107
Q

What is the ph of Blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

108
Q

Capacity to do work

A

Energy

109
Q

Energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state. Not doing work at the time.

A

Potential energy

110
Q

Potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules

A

Chemical energy

111
Q

Potential energy available in a system to do useful work

A

Free energy

112
Q

Energy of motion; energy that is actively doing work

A

Kinetic energy

113
Q

Kinetic energy of molecular motion

A

Heat

114
Q

The kinetic energy of moving “packets”of a radiation is called photons

A

Electromagnetic energy

115
Q

A process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken

A

Chemical reaction

116
Q

Symbolizes the course of a chemical reaction

A

Chemical equation

117
Q

What are the 3 classes of chemical reactions

A

•Decomposition reactions
•Synthesis reactions
•Exchange reactions

118
Q

Large molecules breaks down into two or more smaller ones

A

Decomposition reactions

119
Q

Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one

A

Synthesis reaction

120
Q

Two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms

A

Exchange reactions

121
Q

Can go in either direction under different circumstances. Symbolized with (double headed arrow).

A

Reversible reactions

122
Q

Respiratory, urinary, and digestive physiology

A

Reversible reaction

123
Q

Determine directions. Proceed from the side of equation with greater quantity of reactants to the side with the lesser quantity.

A

Law of mass action

124
Q

Exist in reversible reaction when the ratio of products to reactants is stable

A

Equilibrium

125
Q

Reaction rates increase when the reactants are more concentrated

A

Concentration

126
Q

Reaction rates increase when the ____ rises

A

Temperature

127
Q

Substances that temporarily bond to reactants, hold them in favorable position to react with each other, and may change the shapes of reactants in ways that make them more likely to react

A

Catalysts

128
Q

•Speed up reactions without permanent change to itself
•Hold reactants molecules in correction orientation
•Not permanently consumed or changed by the reactions

A

Catalysts

129
Q

Most important biological catalysts

A

Enzymes

130
Q

Energy releasing (exogenic) decomposition reaction

A

Catabolism

131
Q

•Brakes covalent bonds
•Produce smaller molecules
•Release useful energy

A

Catabolism

132
Q

Energy-storing (endergonic) synthesis reaction

A

Anabolism

133
Q

•Requires energy input
•Production of protein or fat
•Driven by energy that catabolism releases

A

Anabolism

134
Q

Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

A

Oxidation

135
Q

What is the molecule oxidizing agent

A

Electron acceptor

136
Q

Often involved as the electron acceptor

A

Oxygen

137
Q

Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electron and energy

A

Reduction

138
Q

What is the reducing agent

A

Molecule that donates

139
Q

Reduction (redox) reactions. One of the molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of another.

A

Oxidation

140
Q

Often transferred as hydrogen atoms

A

Electrons

141
Q

Reactants in which is a net release of energy. The products have less total free energy than the reactants did.

A

Exergonic reaction

142
Q

An exergonic reaction in which electrons are removed from a reactant.

A

Oxidation

143
Q

A reaction such as digestion and cell respiration in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

A

Decomposition

144
Q

The sum of all decomposition in the body

A

Catabolism

145
Q

Reaction in which there is a net input of energy. The products have more total free energy than the reactant did.

A

Endergonic reaction

146
Q

An endergonic reaction in which electrons are donated to a reactants. The product is then said to be reduced.

A

Reduction

147
Q

An reaction such as protein and glycogen synthesis in which two or more smaller molecules are combined into a larger one.

A

Synthesis

148
Q

The sum of all synthesis reaction in the body

A

Anabolism

149
Q

The study of compounds containing carbon

A

Organic chemistry

150
Q

What are the 4 categories of carbon compounds

A

•Carbohydrates (CHO)
•Lipids
•Protein (CHON)
•Nucleotides and nucleic acids

151
Q

Binds with other atoms that can provide it with four more electrons to fill its valence shell.

A

Four valence electron

152
Q

Bind readily with each other to form carbon backbones

A

Carbon atoms

153
Q

Form long chains , branched molecules and rings

A

Carbon atoms

154
Q

Carries a variety of functional groups

A

Carbon backbone

155
Q

•Very large molecules
•Very high molecular weight

A

Macromolecules

156
Q

Give the 2 macromolecules

A

Protein
DNA

157
Q

Molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits (monomers).

A

Polymers

158
Q

Example of polymers

A

Starch is a polymer of about 3,000 glucose monomers

159
Q

Identical or similar subunits

A

Monomers

160
Q

Joining monomers to form a polymer

A

Polymerization

161
Q

How living cells form polymers

A

Dehydration synthesis (condensation)

162
Q

A hydroxyl (-OH) group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen (-H) from another, producing _____ as a by-product

A

Water, dehydration synthesis (condensation)

163
Q

Opposite of dehydration synthesis. A water molecule ionizes into -OH and -H.

A

Hydrolysis

164
Q

The covalent bond linking one monomer to the other is broken

A

Hydrolysis

165
Q

Covalently bond together to form a polymer with a removal of a water molecules

A

Monomers

166
Q

It consists of all digestion reactions

A

Hydrolysis reactions

167
Q

What is the meaning of n

A

Number of carbon atoms

168
Q

Names of carbohydrates often built from: That both mean “sugar” or “sweet”

A

•Word root (sacchar-)
•Suffix (-ose)

169
Q

Names of carbohydrates often built from: That both mean “sugar” or “sweet”

A

•Word root (sacchar-)
•Suffix (-ose)

170
Q

Three important monosaccharides

A

•Glucose
•Galactose
•Fructose

171
Q

General formula

A

(CH2O)n

172
Q

Glucose formula

A

C6 H12 O6

173
Q

Blood sugar; “universal fuel”

A

Glucose

174
Q

Sugar molecule composed of two monosaccharides

A

Disaccharide

175
Q

Three important disaccharides

A

✓Sucrose- table sugar
•glucose + fructose

✓Lactose- sugar in milk
•glucose + galactose

✓Maltose- grain products
•glucose + glucose

176
Q

Short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides (at least 10)

A

Oligosaccharides

177
Q

Long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50)

A

Polysaccharides

178
Q

Three polysaccharides of interest in humans

A

•Glycogen
•Starch
•Cellulose

179
Q

Energy storage polysaccharides in animals. Made by cells of liver, muscle, brain, uterus, and vagina

A

Glycogen

180
Q

_____produce glycogen after a meal when glucose level is high than breaks it down between meals to maintain blood glucose levels

A

Liver

181
Q

_____store glycogen for own energy needs

A

Muscles

182
Q

_____uses glycogen to nourish embryo

A

Uterus

183
Q

Energy storage polysaccharides in plants

A

Starch

184
Q

Only significant digestible polysaccharide in the human diet

A

Starch

185
Q

Structural molecule of plant cell walls

A

Cellulose

186
Q

Fiber in our diet

A

Cellulose

187
Q

Covalently bound to lipid or protein

A

Conjugated carbohydrate

188
Q

External surface of cell membrane

A

Glycolipids

189
Q

External surface of cell membrane. Mucus of respiratory and digestive tracts.

A

Glycoproteins

190
Q

Gels that holds cells and tissues together.
Form gelatinous filler in umbilical cord and eye.

A

Proteoglycans (mucopolysaccharides)

191
Q

•Joint lubrication
•Tough robbery texture of cartilage

A

Proteoglycans (mucopolysaccharides)

192
Q

Composed of (C, H and O).
With high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

A

Hydrophobic

193
Q

Five primary types in humans

A

•Fatty acids
•Triglycerides
•Phospholipids
•Eicosanoids
•Steroids

194
Q

(Neutral fats) Three fatty acids covalently bond to three-carbon alcohol called glycerol

A

Triglycerides

195
Q

Broken down by hydrolysis

A

Triglycerides

196
Q

Each bond formed by dehydration synthesis

A

Triglycerides

197
Q

Once join to glycerol fatty acid can no longer donate proton–neutral fat

A

Triglycerides

198
Q

When liquid, called oils

A

Polyunsaturated fats from plants

199
Q

When solid; called fat

A

Saturated fats from animals

200
Q

Primary function

A

Energy storage;
Insulation; and
Shock absorption (adipose tissue)

201
Q

Chain of 4 to 24 carbon atoms

A

Lipids

202
Q

Carboxyl (acid) group on one end, methyl group on the other, and hydrogen bonded along the sides

A

Lipids

203
Q

Steroids that aid and fat digestion in nutrient absorption.

A

Bile acids

204
Q

Components of cell membranes; precursor of other steroids

A

Cholesterol

205
Q

Chemical messenger between cells

A

Steroid hormones, Eicosanoids

206
Q

Involved in a variety of functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorption

A

Fat-soluble vitamin (A, D, E and K)

207
Q

Major component of cell membranes; aid and fat digestion

A

Phospholipids

208
Q

Energy storage; thermal insulation ;filling space; building organs together; cushioning organs

A

Triglycerides

209
Q

Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in opposite (trans “across from each other”) on each side of the C=C double bond.

A

Trans-fatty acid

210
Q

Resist enzymatic breakdown in the human body, remain in circulation longer, deposits in the arteries; thus, raises the risk of heart disease

A

Trans-fatty acids

211
Q

Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the C=C double bond

A

Cis-fatty acids

212
Q

20 carbon compounds derived from a fatty acid

A

Arachidonic acid

213
Q

20 carbon compounds derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid

A

Eicosanoids

214
Q

Role in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contraction, blood vessel diameter

A

Prostaglandis

215
Q

A lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms in four rings

A

Steroid

216
Q

Hormonelike chemical signals between cells

A

Arachidonic acid

217
Q

The “parent” steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized

A

Cholesterol

218
Q

Complexes of cholesterol

A

Fat, phospholipid and protein

219
Q

“Good” cholesterol. Lower ratio of lipid to protein. May help to prevent cardiovascular disease

A

HDL (High-density lipoprotein)

220
Q

“Bad” cholesterol. High ratio of lipid to protein. Contributes to cardiovascular disease

A

LDL (Low-density lipoprotein)

221
Q

Greek word meaning “of first importance”

A

Proteins

222
Q

Most versatile molecule in the body. Polymer of amino acids.

A

Protein

223
Q

Central carbon with 3 attachments. Amino group (NH2) carboxyl group (-COOH) and radical group (R group)

A

Amino acids

224
Q

Any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

A

Peptide

225
Q

Joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next

A

Peptide bond

226
Q

Formed by dehydration synthesis

A

Peptide bond

227
Q

Dipeptides

A

2

228
Q

Tripeptides

A

3

229
Q

Oligopeptides

A

10-15

230
Q

Polypeptides

A

15+

231
Q

Proteins

A

50+

232
Q

Creates a peptide bond that joins the amino acids of one group to the carboxyl group of the next

A

Dehydration synthesis

233
Q

Unique, three dimensional shape of a protein crucial to function

A

Conformation

234
Q

Extreme conformational change that destroys function.
Extreme heat or ph

A

Denaturation

235
Q

Protein’s sequence amino acid which is encoded in the genes

A

Primary structure

236
Q

Coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bond between slightly negative C=O and slightly positive N-H groups

A

Secondary structure

237
Q

Most common secondary structure are:

A

Alpha helix
Beta helix

238
Q

Springlike shape

A

Alpha helix

239
Q

Pleated, ribbonlike shape

A

Beta helix

240
Q

Further binding and folding of proteins into globular and fibrous shape

A

Tertiary structure

241
Q

Compact tertiary structure well suited for proteins embedded in cell membrane and proteins that must move about freely in bodily fluids

A

Globular proteins

242
Q

Slender filaments better suited for rules as in muscle contraction and straightening the skin

A

Fibrous proteins

243
Q

Association of two or more separate polypeptide chains

A

Quaternary structure

244
Q

Contain a non amino acid moiety called a prosthetic group

A

Conjugated proteins

245
Q

Contains four complex iron containing rings called heme moiety.

A

Hemoglobin

246
Q

Tough structural protein. Give strength to hair, nails, and skin surface.

A

Keratin

247
Q

Durable protein contained in deeper layers of skin, bones, cartilage, and teeth.

A

Collagen

248
Q

Some hormones and other cell to cell signals

A

Communication

249
Q

Any hormone or molecule that reversibly binds to a protein

A

Ligand

250
Q

Channels in cell membranes that governs what passes through

A

Membrane transport

251
Q

Which signal molecules bind

A

Receptors

252
Q

Transports solute particles to other side of membrane

A

Carrier proteins

253
Q

Turn nerve and muscle activity on and off

A

Membrane transport

254
Q

Catalysis

A

Enzymes

255
Q

Molecules with the ability to change shape repeatedly

A

Motor proteins

256
Q

Proteins bind cell together

A

Cell adhesion

257
Q

Proteins that function as biological catalyst

A

Enzymes

258
Q

Substance an enzyme acts upon

A

Substrate

259
Q

Energy needed to get reaction started

A

Lowers activation energy

260
Q

Substrate approaches______ on enzyme molecule

A

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