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Anaphy > Anaphy Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Anaphy Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The Study of Form

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationship

A

Cadaver dissection

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3
Q

Study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and diff. and analyze evolutionary trends

A

Comparative Anatomy

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4
Q

Examining structure of the human body

A

Anatomy

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5
Q

Open body and take a look inside

A

Exploratory surgery

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6
Q

Viewing the inside of the body without surgery.

A

Medical Imaging

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7
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with imaging

A

Radiology

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8
Q

Is a non-invasive form of study of the human body

A

Imaging

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9
Q

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

A

Gross Anatomy

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10
Q

Study of structures and function of cells

A

Cytology

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11
Q

Examination of cells with microscope. (Microscopic anatomy). The study of certain tissue in the body.

A

Histology

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12
Q

View molecular detail under electron microscope

A

Ultrastructure

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13
Q

Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease. Study of the disease tissue.

A

Histopathology

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14
Q

Histo means.

A

Tissue

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15
Q

Pathos means

A

Disease

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16
Q

The study of Function

A

Physiology

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17
Q

Physiology of nervous system

A

Neurophysiology

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18
Q

Physiology of hormones

A

Endocrinology

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19
Q

Are enzymes or proteins that act distant to the site where they came from, they are on the body and on the bone.

A

Hormones

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20
Q

Stress Hormone

A

Cortisol

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21
Q

Happy Hormone

A

Dopamine

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22
Q

Mechanisms of disease

A

Pathophysiology

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23
Q

Study of different species to learn about bodily function. Limitations on human experimentation.

A

Comparative Physiology

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24
Q

Animal drug tests. Basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures.

A

Animal surgery

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25
Q

Father of medicine. Established a code of ethics (Hippocratic Oath)

A

Hippocrates

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26
Q

Urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease rather than attributing them to acts of the gods and demons.

A

Hippocrates

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27
Q

One of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology.

A

Aristotle

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28
Q

Believed that diseases had either supernatural causes or physical causes. Believed that complex structures are built from simple parts.

A

Aristotle

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29
Q

supernatural causes of disease

A

Theologi

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30
Q

Natural causes of disease

A

Physiologi

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31
Q

Physician to Roman gladiators. Did animal dissections since use of cadavers was banned in his time.

A

Claudius Galen

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32
Q

Wrote book advising followers to trust their own observation more than the teaching of dogma of the “ancient masters”.

A

Claudius Galen

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33
Q

Saw science as a method of discover, not just a body of facts taken on faith.

A

Claudius Galen

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34
Q

Wrote 10 influential medical texts. Physicians to egyptians sultan, saladin

A

Malmonides (Moses ben Maimon)

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35
Q

The Galen of Islam

A

Avicenna (Ibn Sina)

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36
Q

Combined Galen and Aristotle findings with original discoveries. Wrote The Cannon of Medicine, used in medical schools for 500 years.

A

Avicenna (Ibn Sina)

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37
Q

Taught anatomy in Italy

A

Andreas Vesalius

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38
Q

Barbering and surgery were considered

A

Kindred arts of the knife

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39
Q

Published first atlas of anatomy, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the structure of the Human body) in 1543.

A

Andreas Vesalius

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40
Q

Remembered for early studies on blood circulation. Realized blood flows out from heart back to it again.

A

William Harvey

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41
Q

Published book De Motu Cordis (On the Motion of the Heart) in 1628

A

William Harvey

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42
Q

Along with Harvey, they were the first Western scientist to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from heart to other organs and back to the heart again. Realize that lung circulation is connected to cardiac circulation.

A

Micheal Servetus

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43
Q

Made many improvements to the compound microscope two lenses: Ocular lens (eyepiece) and objective lens (near specimen).

A

Robert Hooke

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44
Q

Invented specimen stage, illuminator coarse and fine focus controls. His microscope magnified only 30x.

A

Robert Hooke

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45
Q

First to see and name “cells”

A

Robert Hooke

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46
Q

Published first comprehensive book of microscopy (micrographia) in 1665.

A

Robert Hooke

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47
Q

Invented a simple (single lens) microscope with great magnification to look at fabrics (200 x). Published his observation of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings and many other things.

A

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

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48
Q

Concluded that “all organisms were composed of cells”

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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49
Q

Proposed tenet of cell theory

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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50
Q

What is cell theory?

A

Explain

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51
Q

It is the theory that everything that is functional in the body is due to cellular activity.

A

Cell Theory

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52
Q

Greatly improved compound microscopes. Added condenser and superior optics. Eliminated blurry edges (spherical observation) and rainbow like disstortions (chromatic aberration).

A

Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe

53
Q

Who established the scientific method?

A

Francis Bacon of England and Rene Descartes of France

54
Q

Philosophers who invented new habits of scientific thought.

A

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes

55
Q

Sought systematic way of seeking similarities, diff. and trends in nature and drawing useful generalization from observable facts. Set standard for truth.

A

Scientific Method

56
Q

Making numerous observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalization and predictions from them.

A

Francis Bacon

57
Q

Established Inductive Method

A

Francis Bacon

58
Q

Knowledge of anatomy obtained by this method.

A

The Inductive Method

59
Q

More physiological knowledge gained by this method.

A

The Hypothetico- Deductive Method

60
Q

Investigator asks a question. Formulate a hypothesis— an educated speculation or possible answer to the question.

A

The Hypothetico-Deductive Method

61
Q

If we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong.

A

Falsifiability

62
Q

To suggests a method for answering questions: written as “if-then” statements

A

Hypothesis

63
Q

Effects of the subject’s state of mind on his/her physiology.

A

Psychosomatic Effects

64
Q

Use of placebo in control group

A

Psychosomatic Effects

65
Q

Critical evolution by other experts in the field. Done prior to funding or publication.

A

Peer Review

66
Q

Done by using verification and repeatedly of results. Ensures honesty, objectivity, and quality in science.

A

Peer Review

67
Q

Information that can be independently verified by a trained program.

A

Scientific Fact

68
Q

Generalization about predictable way matter and energy behave. Results from inductive reasoning and repeatedly observations.

A

Law of Nature

69
Q

Written as verbal statements or mathematical formulae. Always consistently will produce same results each and every time.

A

Law of Nature

70
Q

Give an example of Law of Nature

A

Explain.

71
Q

An exploratory statements or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses.

A

Theory

72
Q

Proposed the humans do evolve as like any other each of in the world.

A

Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin

73
Q

What is the book that shook the world.

A

Origin of Species by means Natural Selection (1859)

74
Q

Change in genetic composition of population based on the adaption that they need for survival. Everything revolves around survival.

A

Evolution

75
Q

Some individual within a species have hereditary advantage over their competitors.
•Better camouflage
•Disease resistance
•Ability to attract mates

A

Natural Selection

76
Q

Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others.

A

Selection pressure

77
Q

Features of an organisms anatomy, physiology, or behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment.

A

Adaptions

78
Q

Remnants of organs that apparently were better developed and more functional in the ancestors of a species, and now serve little ot jo purpose.

A

Vestigial organs

79
Q

Give the 2 Vestigial Organs

A

Piloerector muscle
Auricularis muscle

80
Q

Standing and walking on two legs

A

Bipedalism

81
Q

What is the Hierarchy of Complexity (smallest to largest)

A

Molecules composed of atoms
Organelles composed of molecules
Cells composed or organelles
Tissue composed of cell
Organs composed of tissues
Organs systems composed of organs
Organism is composed of organ systems

82
Q

The Hierarchy of Complexity (largest to smallest)

A

Organism is composed of organ system
Organ systems is composed of organs
Organs is composed of tissue
Tissue is composed of cells
Cells is composed of organelles
Organelles is composed of molecules
Molecules is composed of atoms

83
Q

Living things exhibit a higher level of organization than the nonliving world around them.

A

Organization

84
Q

Living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells.

A

Cellular composition

85
Q

Sum of all internal chemical change: anabolism, catabolism, and excretion.

A

Metabolism

86
Q

Sense and react to stimuli (responsiveness, irritability, or excitability)

A

Responsiveness and movement

87
Q

Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions

A

Homeostasis

88
Q

Differentiation and growth

A

Development

89
Q

Producing copies of themselves; pass gene to offspring

A

Reproduction

90
Q

The body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that opposite it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.

A

Homeostatis

91
Q

Constant internal conditions regardless of external conditions. Internal body temperature ranges from 97⁰–99⁰ F despite variations in external temperature.

A

Claude Bernard (1813-78)

92
Q

Coined the term homeostasis.

A

Walter Cannon

93
Q

State of the body fluctuates (dynamic equilibrium) within limited range around a set point.

A

Walter Cannon

94
Q

Loss of homeostasis control causes illness or death.

A

Walter Cannon

95
Q

Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it.

A

Dynamic equilibrium

96
Q

(Sensory nerve endings) in the arteries near the heart alert the cardia center in the brainstem. They transmit to the cardiac center.

A

Baroreceptors

97
Q

Senses change in the body( e.g., stretch receptors that monitor blood pressure)

A

Receptor

98
Q

Control center that processes the sensory information, “make decision”, and directs the response ( e.g., cardiac center of the brain)

A

Integrating (control) center

99
Q

Carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis (e.g., cell organ)

A

Effector

100
Q

All structure and function result from the activity of cells.

A

Cell theory

101
Q

Superior

A

Above

102
Q

Inferior

A

Below

103
Q

Medial

A

To the middle

104
Q

Lateral

A

To the side

105
Q

Anterior/ Ventral

A

In front

106
Q

Posterior/ Dorsal

A

Behind

107
Q

Cephalad/ Craniad

A

Going to the head

108
Q

Caudad

A

Going to the tail

109
Q

William Roentgen’s discovery in 1885. Penetrate tissues to darken photographic film beneath the body.
Over half of all medical imaging.

A

Radiography

110
Q

Injected or swallowed. Fills hollow structures.
•Blood vessels
•Intestinal tract

A

Radiopaque substances

111
Q

Formerly called a CAT scan.
Low-intensity X-rays and computed analysis.
Slice-type image.
Increased sharpness of image.

A

Computed tomography (CT scan)

112
Q

Assesses metabolic state of tissue

A

Positron emission tomography (PET scan)

113
Q

Detected by sensor
Analyzed by computer
Damage tissues appear dark

A

Positron emission tomography (PET scan)

114
Q

Slice-type image
Superior quality to CT scan
Best for soft tissue

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

115
Q

Second oldest and second most widely used.

A

Sonography

116
Q

High- frequency sound waves echo black from internal organs.
Avoids harmful X-rays
•Obstetrics
•Image not very sharp

A

Sonography

117
Q

Contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

A

Pelvic cavity

118
Q

Contains digestive viscera

A

Abdominal cavity

119
Q

Contains spinal cord

A

Vertebral cavity

120
Q

Contains brain

A

Cranial cavity

121
Q

Contains Cranial cavity and Vertebral cavity

A

Dorsal body cavity

122
Q

Contains heart and lungs

A

Thoracic cavity

123
Q

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

Ventral body cavity

124
Q

•Superior mediastinum
•Pleural cavity
•Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

A

Thoracic cavity

125
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

•Superior mediastinum
•Pleural cavity
•Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

126
Q

Dense tissue appears white

A

Radiography (X-rays)

127
Q

•Blood vessels
•Intestinal tract

A

Radiopaque substances

128
Q

Fills hollow structures

A

Radiopaque substances

129
Q

Low-intensity X-rays and computed analysis

A

Computed tomography (CT scan)

Anaphy (2 decks)

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