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Finals > Anaphy > Flashcards

Anaphy Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A
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2
Q

Brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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3
Q

Nerves and Ganglia

A

Peripheral nervous System

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4
Q

Functional classification of the nervous system include what

A

Sensory division and Motor division

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5
Q

The motor division is divided into the

A

Somatic nervous system or autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

This contains the fight-or-flight and parasympathetic rest-and-digest

A

Autonomic division

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7
Q

Support and protect neurons in the CNS

A

Neuroglia

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8
Q

In the CNS there are phagocytes

A

Microglia

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9
Q

In the CNS Myelinate neuron processes

A

Oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

In the CNS Line fluid-filled cavities

A

Ependymal cells

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11
Q

In the CNS these brace neurons and filter nutrients

A

Astrocytes

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12
Q

In the PNS these are myelinate neuron processes

A

Schwann cells

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13
Q

In the PNS these protects neuron cell bodies

A

Satellite cells

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14
Q

Type of processes fibers that carry electrical impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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15
Q

Type of processes fibers that generate and conduct impulses away from the cell body

A

Axons

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16
Q

Axons often release ______ at the axon terminals

A

Nuerotransmitter

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17
Q

Speeds nerve impulse transmission

A

Myelin

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18
Q

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS are

A

Nuclei

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19
Q

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS are

A

Ganglia

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20
Q

Bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS are

A

tracts

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21
Q

Bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS are

A

nerves

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22
Q

Functional classification are based on direction of _____

A

impulse transmission

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23
Q

Sensory neurons are

A

afferent neurons

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24
Q

Motor neurons are

A

efferent neurons

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25
Q

Interneurons are

A

Association neurons

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26
Q

Dendritic ending of sensory neurons are bare or are associated with

A

Sensory receptors

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27
Q

Structural classifications

A

Unipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, and multipolar neurons

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28
Q

The membrane of a neuron at rest is

A

Polarized (outer face if more positive compared to its inner face)

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29
Q

When Sodium ions enter the cell

A

Depolarization

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30
Q

Once begun, the _____ is all-or-nothing, and it continues over the entire surface of the axon

A

Action potential

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31
Q

Electrical conditions of the resting state are restored by the diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell

A

Repolarization

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32
Q

Ionic conditions of the resting state are restored by the

A

sodium-potassium pump

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33
Q

A neuron communicates with its target by releasing

A

neurotransmitters

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34
Q

Neurotransmitters diffuse across the ____, attach to membrane receptors on the postsynaptic cell

A

Synaptic cleft

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35
Q

A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus

A

Reflex

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36
Q

Two types of reflex

A

Somatic reflexes and autonomic reflexes

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37
Q

Has at least five components: receptor, sensory neurons, CNS integration center, motor neurons, and effector

A

Reflex arc

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38
Q

The largest part of the brain, composed of superficial gray matter and deep white matter

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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39
Q

The cerebral cortex surface includes

A
  1. gyri
  2. sulci
  3. fissures
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40
Q

Regions of gray matter deep within the white matter that modify voluntary motor activity

A

Basal nuclei

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41
Q

Disorders of the basal nuclei

A

Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease

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42
Q

Superior to the brain stem, enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

A

Diencephalon

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43
Q

Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex for interpretation

A

Thalamus

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44
Q

Most important regulatory center of the autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

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45
Q

Includes the Pineal gland and the choroid plexus of the third ventricle

A

Epithalamus

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46
Q

Short region inferior to the hypothalamus that merges with the spinal cord

A

Brain Stem

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47
Q

Primarily fiber inferior to the hypothalamus that merges with the spinal cord

A

Midbrain

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48
Q

Inferior to the midbrain, has fiber tracts and nuclei involved in respiration

A

Pons

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49
Q

Most inferior part of the brain stem, contains fiber tracts and autonomic nuclei involved in the regulation of vital life activities

A

Medulla oblongata

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50
Q

Extends length of brain stem, involved in motor control of visceral organs and consciousness and the sleep/wake cycle

A

Reticular formation

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51
Q

Coordinates muscle activity and body balance

A

Cerebellum

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52
Q

Three connective tissue membranes protecting the CNS

A

Meninges

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53
Q

Though, outermost connective tissue membrane protecting the CNS

A

Dura matter

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54
Q

Middle, weblike connective tissue membrane protecting the CNS

A

Arachnoid mater

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55
Q

Innermost, delicate connective tissue membrane protecting the CNS

A

Pia mater

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56
Q

Provides a watery cushion to the CNS

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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57
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the ____ found in the _____, _______, _______

A

Choroid plexuses, subarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal

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58
Q

CSF is continually formed and drained into dural venous sinuses via

A

Arachnoid granulations

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59
Q

Is composed of relatively impermeable capillaries

A

Blood-brain barrier

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60
Q

concussions are ___ and contusions are ______

A

reversible damage, irreversible damage

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61
Q

Trauma-induced brain injuries may be aggravated by ______ or _______

A

Intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral edema

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62
Q

Or also known as strokes and is the blockage of blood circulation to brain neurons, resulting in death of brain tissue

A

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)

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63
Q

Temporary restriction of blood flow to the brain

A

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

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64
Q

A reflex center and conduction pathway, extends from the foramen magnum to L1 to L2

A

Spinal Cord

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65
Q

Combine to form spinal nerves

A

Dorsal roots and Ventral roots

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66
Q

Is a bundle of neuron processes wrapped in connective tissue coverings

A

Nerve

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67
Q

12 pairs of nerves that extend from the brain to serve the head and neck region

A

Cranial nerve

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68
Q

21

A
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69
Q

Serve the posterior body trunk

A

Dorsal rami

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70
Q

Form plexuses that serve the limbs

A

Ventral rami

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71
Q

Part of the PNS, composed of neurons that regulate the activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

A

Autonomic nervous system

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72
Q

The housekeeping or rest and digest system

A

Parasympathetic division

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73
Q

Second motor neurons are in the ______ close to the organ served

A

Terminal ganglia

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74
Q

The fight or flight subdivision and prepares the body to cope with some threat

A

Sympathetic division

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75
Q

_____ are in grey matter of the cord, ganglionic sympathetic neurons are in the _____ or in the ______

A

Preganglionic neurons, sympathetic trunk, collateral ganglia

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76
Q

Secrete norepinephrine

A

Postganglionic axon

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77
Q

Severe congenital brain disease include

A

cerebral palsy, anencephaly, hydrocephalus, and spina bifida

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78
Q

Lymphatic system

A
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79
Q

Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and certain other lymphoid organs in the body

A

Lymphatic system

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80
Q

Extremely porous ____ pick up excess interstitial fluid

A

Lymph Capillaries

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81
Q

Also called lymphatics, have minivalves to ensure one-way flow towards the heart

A

Lymphatic vessels

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82
Q

Fluid flow in lymphatic vessels steps

A
  1. Fluid (lymph)
  2. larger lymphatics (lymphatic collecting vessels)
  3. Right lymphatic duct and Left Thoracic duct
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83
Q

Lymphatic structures clustered along lymphatic vessels that lymph flows through

A

Lymph nodes

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84
Q

Lymph nodes serves as multiplication sites for

A

Lymphocytes

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85
Q

The cortex contains ___ of lymphocytes, and the medulla is full of _____

A

Follicles, macrophages

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86
Q

The lymphoid organs include

A

Tonsils, Thymus, Peyer’s patches, Spleen

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87
Q

Remove bacteria trying to enter the digestive or respiratory tracts

A

Tonsils

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88
Q

Programming region for T lymphocytes

A

Thymus

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89
Q

Prevent intestinal bacteria from penetrating more deeply into the body

A

Peyer’s patches

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90
Q

Red blood cell graveyard and blood reservoir

A

Spleen

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91
Q

Functional system composed of the innate defense system and the adaptive defense system

A

Immune System

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92
Q

Includes nonspecific and chemical protections against

A

Pathogens

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93
Q

Lymphocytes that act nonspecifically to lyse virus-infected, malignant cells ad other nonspecific targets

A

Natural killer cells

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94
Q

Prevents spread of harmful agents

A

Inflammatory response

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95
Q

Protective leukocytes enter area by ____, fibrin walls off the area, and tissue repair occurs

A

Diapedesis

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96
Q

Engulf and destroy pathogens, process is enhanced when the pathogen surface is altered by attachment of antibodies and or complement

A

Phagocytes

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97
Q

Becomes fixed on the membrane of a foreign cell to cause lysis

A

Complement

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98
Q

A group of proteins synthesized by virus-infected cells to prevent viruses from multiplying in other body cells

A

Interferons

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99
Q

Enhances the fight against infectious microorganisms by increasing metabolism and by causing the liver and spleen to store iron and zinc

A

Fever

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100
Q

The third line of defense is

A

antigen specific

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101
Q

Branch of adaptive body defense that is mediated by antibodies

A

Humoral immunity

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102
Q

Branch of body defenses are mediated by T lymphocytes

A

Cellular immunity

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103
Q

Large, complex molecules recognized as foreign by the body

A

Antigens

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104
Q

Complete antigens provoke an ____ and bind with products of that response

A

immune response

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105
Q

Small molecules that are unable to cause an immune response by themselves, when they bind to body proteins, the complex is recognized as foreign

A

Incomplete antigens (haptens)

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106
Q

Are involved in adaptive defense

A

Lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

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107
Q

Develop immunocompetence in the thymus and oversee cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells

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108
Q

Develop immunocompetence in bone marrow and provide humoral immunity

A

B cells

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109
Q

____ of B cells occurs when antigens bind to their receptors, causing them to proliferate

A

Clonal Selection

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110
Q

Clone members become plasma cells which secrete antibodies which are called the

A

primary humoral response

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111
Q

Other clone members become ____ capable of mounting a rapid attack against the same antigen in subsequent meetings

A

Memory cells

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112
Q

Memory cells provide

A

Immunological memory

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113
Q

Is produced by a person’s own body during an infection or via vaccine and provides memory

A

Active immunity

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114
Q

Is conferred when antibodies produced by another person are injected into the bloodstream or when the mother’s antibodies cross the placenta, no immunological memory occurs

A

Passive immunity

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115
Q

Proteins produced by sensitized B cells or plasma cells in response to an antigen, they are capable of binding specifically with that antigen

A

Antibodies

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116
Q

An antibody is composed of ___ polypeptide chains

A

four

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117
Q

Each polypeptide chain has a ____ and _____

A

Variable region and constant region

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118
Q

Variable regions form ____ one on each arm of the Y

A

Antigen-binding sites

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119
Q

Five classes of antibodies, also called ____ exist

A

Immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE)

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120
Q

Antibody functions

A

1, Agglutination
2. Complement fixation
3. Neutralization
4. Opsonization
5. Precipitation

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121
Q

Are pure preparations of antibodies specific for a single antigen useful in diagnosing various infectious disorders and cancer and in treating certain cancers

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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122
Q

Sensitized by binding simultaneously to an antigen and a self-protein displayed on the surface of an APC

A

T cells

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123
Q

Specialize in killing foreign or infected cells directly

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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124
Q

Direct the adaptive immune response and interact to turn on both B and T cells

A

Helper T cells

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125
Q

Turn off immune response once foreign material is inactivated or destroyed

A

Regulatory T cells

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126
Q

Graft from one part of patient’s body the another

A

Autograft

127
Q

Graft from an identical twin

A

Isograft

128
Q

Graft from a person other than an identical twin

A

Allograft

129
Q

Graft from a different species

A

Xenograft

130
Q

Organ transplant is followed by

A

Immunosuppresive therapy

131
Q

Immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless antigen, tissue destruction occurs

A

Hypersensitivity (allergy)

132
Q

Due to binding of IgE antibodies to mast cells, seen in hay fever, hives, and anaphalactic shock

A

Immediate hypersensitivity

133
Q

Reflects activity of T cells, machrophages, and cytokines

A

Delayed hypersensitivity

134
Q

Occurs when the body’s self-tolerance breaks down and antibodies and or T cells attack the body’s own tissue

A

Autoimmune disease

135
Q

Autoimmune diseases results from the appearance of formerly hidden

A

Self-antigens

136
Q

Examples of autoimmune diseases

A

rheumatoid arthritis (RA), myasthenia
gravis, multiple sclerosis (MS), Graves’
disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE), and glomerulonephritis

137
Q

Results from abnormalities in any immune element

A

Immunodeficiencies

138
Q

Serious immunodeficiencies are

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease and Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

139
Q

Immune response develops around what time?

A

time of birth

140
Q

The hollow muscular tube from mouth to anus also called the gastrointestinal tract

A

Alimentary canal

141
Q

Also called mouth is the site where food enters is held between teeth and tongue by lips and cheeks

A

Oral Cavity

142
Q

Form the roof anteriorly and posteriorly, respectively

A

Hard palate and soft palate

143
Q

Holds the tongue to the floor of the mouth

A

Lingual frenulum

144
Q

Protect the entrance of the mouth

A

Lingual frenulum

145
Q

The pharynx is divided into

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

146
Q

Is posterior to oral cavity

A

Oropharynx

147
Q

Is continuous with esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

148
Q

Connects pharynx and stomach

A

Esophagus

149
Q

Innermost layer of moist mucous membrane lining the lumen of the GI tract

A

Mucosa

150
Q

Deep to mucosa made of connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and lymphatic vessels

A

Submucosa

151
Q

Smooth muscle layer with inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer

A

Muscularis externa

152
Q

Outermost layer, also called visceral peritoneum

A

Serosa

153
Q

Is the name of the structure formed by a double layer of peritoneum

A

Mesentery

154
Q

Help regulate mobility and secretory activity of GI tract organs

A

Submucosal nerve plexus and myenteric nerve plexus

155
Q

located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, regions include cardia, fundus body and pylorus

A

Stomach

156
Q

Food enters via the

A

cardioesophageal sphincter

157
Q

The curves of the body are the

A

greater curvature and lesser curvature

158
Q

Food leaves the stomach via the

A

Pyloric valve

159
Q

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa has folds called

A

rugae

160
Q

The stomach is anchored to the liver at the lesser curvature via the

A

lesser omentum and is covered by the greater omentum

161
Q

Inside the stomach are deep ____ leading to _____ that secrete ______

A

gastric pits, gastric glands, gastric juice

162
Q

Required for absorption of vitamin b12

A

Intrinsic factor

163
Q

Make pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

164
Q

Produce hydrochloric acid

A

Parietal cells

165
Q

Produce thin acidic mucus

A

Mucous neck cells

166
Q

Make local hormones such as gastrin to regulate activities in the stomach

A

Enteroendocrine cells

167
Q

Thick liquid that results when food is processed in the stomach

A

Chyme

168
Q

Major digestive organ of the body has three sections

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

169
Q

Pancreatic enzymes that digest all major nutrient groups enter the duodenum at the

A

Pancreatic duct

170
Q

Formed by the liver, enters the duodenum via the

A

Bile duct

171
Q

Surface area is very high because of the presence of

A

villi, microvilli, and circular folds

172
Q

The small intestine is protected by _____, local collections of lymphatic tissues, which increase in number toward the end of the small intestine

A

Peyer’s patches

173
Q

Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus , reabsorbs water, disposes of indigestibles, such as fiber, as feces

A

Large intestine

174
Q

First part of the large intestine

A

Cecum

175
Q

Hangs off the cecum, can easily become obstructed, leading to appendicitis

A

Appendix

176
Q

Travels superiorly up right side oof abdominal cavity, turn at right colic flexure

A

Ascending colon

177
Q

Travels laterally across the abdominal cavity, turns at left colic flexure

A

Transverse colon

178
Q

Travels inferiorly down left side to enter the pelvis

A

Descending colon

179
Q

In pelvis and S-shaped that leads into the rectum

A

Sigmoid colon

180
Q

The two valves of anal canal

A

External anal sphincter and internal anal sphincter

181
Q

Two sets of teeth include

A

Deciduous teeth and permanent teeth

182
Q

____ cut, ____ tear or pierce, _____ and ___ grind and crush

A

Incisors, canines, premolars and molars

183
Q

Exposed part of the tooth covered with enamel

A

Crown

184
Q

A bonelike material that forms the bulk of the tooth

A

Dentin

185
Q

Inside the dentin is the

A

Pulp cavity

186
Q

Carries blood vessels and nerves to pulp cavity

A

Root canal

187
Q

Part of tooth embedded in the mandible

A

Root

188
Q

Outer surface is covered by

A

Cement

189
Q

Cement attaches the tooth to the ____, which holds the tooth in the mandible

A

Periodontal ligament

190
Q

Connects the crown and root

A

Neck

191
Q

Three pairs empty into the mouth

A

Salivary glands

192
Q

Anterior to the ears

A

Parotid glands

193
Q

Under the mandible

A

Mandibular glands

194
Q

Under the tongue

A

Sublingual glands

195
Q

Retroperitoneal, organ extending from spleen across abdomen to the duodenum, produces enzymes that digest all classes of nutrients

A

Pancreas

196
Q

Is the largest gland in the body

A

Liver

197
Q

Liver and bile leaves the liver via the

A

Common hepatic duct

198
Q

Stores bile when it back up the cystic duct upon being denied entry to the duodenum

A

Gallbladder

199
Q

If bile leaks into the blood, tissues can become

A

jaundiced

200
Q

The act of taking food into the mouth

A

Ingestion

201
Q

Movement of foods through the GI tract, accomplished by the process of peristalsis

A

Propulsion

202
Q

The physical grinding of foods into smaller pieces as they are mixed with digestive juices and involves the process of segmentation

A

Mechanical breakdown

203
Q

Involves enzymes that chemically break down food

A

Digestion

204
Q

The transporting of digested products into the blood or lypmh

A

Absorption

205
Q

Elimination of wastes as feces

A

Defecation

206
Q

Also called swallowing, is a complex coordinated effort involving the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus

A

Deglutition

207
Q

Voluntary, occurs in the mouth when the tongue forces the food bolus toward the pharynx

A

Buccal phase

208
Q

Involuntary, transports food through the pharynx and esophagus, controlled by the vagus nerves

A

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

209
Q

Release is stimulated by presence of food rising pH

A

Gastrin

210
Q

Chyme continues chemical digestion in the small intestine through action of the

A

Brush border enzymes and pancreatic juice

211
Q

Stimulates the liver to produce more bile and stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

A

Secretin

212
Q

Signals the gallbladder to contract, releasing bile from the storage, and stiumulates the pancrease to release enzzyme-rich pancreatic juice

A

Cholecystokinin

213
Q

Occurs by a mixture of diffusion and active transport via blood, through the hepatic portal vein, or via lymphatics

A

Absorption

214
Q

Metabolize some remaining foodstuffs and release gases

A

Resident microflora

215
Q

Are the most common movements in the colon, they are slow segmenting movements

A

Haustral contractions

216
Q

Are long, slow, powerful wavelike contractions that move our large areas of the colon several times per day, forcing contents toward the rectum

A

Mass movements

217
Q

Are areas where the mucosa protrudes through the colon wall

A

Diverticula

218
Q

When contents reach and stretch the walls of the rectum the _____ is initiated

A

Defecation reflex

219
Q

Includes all microbes that live on or inside the human body and outnumbers human cells 10 to 1

A

Microbiota or normal flora

220
Q

Most food is used as metabolic fuel, the energy value of food is measured in

A

Kilocalories

221
Q

Is a substance used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, or repair

A

Nutrient

222
Q

Include proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

A

Major nutrients

223
Q

Include vitamins and minerals

A

Minor nutrients

224
Q

Is a food guide issued by the USDA showing food categories and healthy portion sizes

A

MyPlate

225
Q

In the diet are usually triglycerides or neutral fats

A

Lipids

226
Q

Come from eggs, meats fish, and meat products

A

Proteins

227
Q

Are organic nutrients found in foods

A

Vitamins

228
Q

Are inorganic nutrients required by the body and include calcium

A

Minerals

229
Q

Is a term that includes all chemical reactions in the body

A

Metabolism

230
Q

Breakdown of substances into smaller, simpler ones

A

Catabolism

231
Q

Energy released as bonds are broken is harnessed to make

A

Adenosine triphosphate

232
Q

Buildup of substances into larger, more complex ones

A

Anabolism

233
Q

Is the major fuel for making ATP in most body cells

A

Glucose or blood sugar

234
Q

The reactions that use oxygen to ultimately generate ATP are referred to as

A

Cellular respiration

235
Q

The process of breaking glucose down to pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

236
Q

Processes pyruvate, transferring hydrogens and their electrons to electron carriers

A

Citric acid cycle

237
Q

Transfers the electrons carried from the citric acid cycle down a gradient of carrier proteins to harness energy to make many ATP

A

Electron transport chain

238
Q

When glucose is lacking and fats are used for ATP synthesis, by-products such as acetone can build up in the blood and lower the pH, a condition called

A

Acidosis or Ketoacidosis

239
Q

The liver helps maintain blood glucose homeostasis by storing

A

Glycogen

240
Q

Is never used to make ATP, it is used to make cell membranes, vitamin D, and steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

241
Q

Carry cholesterol to body cells

A

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

242
Q

Carry cholesterol to the liver from body cells

A

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

243
Q

_______ is the energy released during food oxidation and equal total ________

A

Energy intake and Energy output

244
Q

Is the amount of energy the body uses at rest to carry out essential life activities

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

245
Q

Causes excessive metabolism

A

Hyperthyroidism

246
Q

Is the total number of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel all activities

A

Total metabolic rate (TMR)

247
Q

If body temperature falls below normal ____ diverts blood to core structures and ____ helps generate heat by muscle action

A

Vasoconstriction, Shivering

248
Q

Heat is lost from the body via ____ and ____

A

Radiation and Evaporation

249
Q

The point at which heat loss mechanisms have stopped working is

A

heat stroke

250
Q

Is heat-associated collapse during or after physical activity and results from dehydration, but heat loss mechanisms are still functional

A

Heat exhaustion

251
Q

Reproductive system

A
252
Q

Gonads or primary sex organs produce

A

gametes ( and secrete hormones)

253
Q

Men produce ____ and women produce ____

A

sperm, ova

254
Q

The primary reproductive organs of males

A

testes

255
Q

the testes attach to the trunk via the ___, a bundle enclosing nerves, blood vessels, and ductus deferens

A

Spermatic cord

256
Q

Each testis is divided into lobules that contain several _____, where sperm are produced

A

Seminiferous tubules

257
Q

This produces testosterone and are found in between seminiferous tubules

A

Interstitial cells

258
Q

Transports sperm from the body

A

Duct system

259
Q

After sperm are produced, they enter the ____, where they mature further and develop the ability to swim over about 20 days

A

Epididymis

260
Q

A man ejaculates sperm from here

A

Epididymis

261
Q

Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ampulla

A

Ductus deferens

262
Q

The ampulla then empties into the ____ which passes through the prostate to join the urethra

A

Ejaculatory duct

263
Q

Segment of the urethra that passes through the prostate

A

Prostatic urethra

264
Q

Segment of the urethra from the prostate to penis

A

Membranous urethra

265
Q

Segment of urethra through the penis to the outside

A

Spongy urethra

266
Q

produce a thick, yellow secretion rich in sugar, vitamin C, and prostaglandins to nourish and activate sperm

A

Seminal vesicles

267
Q

Produce clear mucus that leaves the body before sperm to neutralize residual urine in the urethra

A

Bulbourethral glands

268
Q

Is the mixture of accessory gland secretions and sperm

A

Semen

269
Q

Houses the testes outside the body at a slightly lower temperature, ideal for sperm production

A

Scrotum

270
Q

Delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract

A

Penis
consists of
shaft, glans penis, prepuce, erectile tissues

271
Q

The foreskin is often removed shortly after birth by

A

Circumcision

272
Q

Is sperm production

A

Spermatogenesis

273
Q

Spermatogenesis steps

A
  1. Spermatogonia divide
  2. Form a stem cell
  3. Primary spermatocyte
  4. meiosis to form spermatids
274
Q

Spermatids have __ chromosomes

A

23

275
Q

Is the process by which a spermatid develops into a fully formed sperm

A

Spermiogenesis

276
Q

Covers the head of the sperm and contains digestive enzymes to help penetrate the egg

A

Acrosome

277
Q

Is essential for spermatogenesis and is produced by interstitial cells when signaled by luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary

A

Testosterone

278
Q

Is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

279
Q

Are the primary reproductive organs that produce ova, or eggs that contain ovarian follicles that each contain a developing oocyte surrounded by follicle cells

A

Ovaries

280
Q

Is mature and will leave the ovary during ovulation

A

Vesicular follicle

281
Q

The ruptures follicle becomes a hormone-producing

A

Corpus luteum

282
Q

Ovaries are held in place by

A

Suspensory ligaments, ovarian ligaments, and broad ligament

283
Q

Are not physically connected to the ovaries by have fimbriae on their distal ends to wave the egg inside after ovulation

A

Uterine tubes

284
Q

Receives, retains, and nurtures the fertilized egg and also participates in childbirth

A

Uterus

285
Q

The region of the uterus superior to the uterine tubes is the ____, the main portion is the _____, the narrow outlet protruding into the vagina is the ____

A

Fundus, body, cervix

286
Q

The wall of the uterus includes the ___ . _____, ____

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

287
Q

If an egg is fertilized, it will burrow into the endometrium during

A

Implantation

288
Q

Is the female copulatory organ and the birth canal

A

Vagina

289
Q

Is the production of eggs, it begins with stem cells that produces primary oocytes

A

Oogenesis

290
Q

At puberty, the ____ begins, each month a few follicles begin to develop in response to follicle-stimulating hormone

A

Ovarian cycle

291
Q

After meiosis I, a ___ and ___ are formed

A

Secondary oocyte and polar body

292
Q

A surge of LH triggers ovulation, meiosis II is completed to form an

A

Ovum

293
Q

Is the main female sex hormone and is produced by follicle cells

A

Estrogen

294
Q

Is produced by the corpus luteum in response to the presence of LH

A

Progesterone

295
Q

Includes cyclic changes to the endometrium of the uterus in response to changing ovarian hormone levels in the blood

A

Uterine cycle or menstrual cycle

296
Q

When the endometrial lining is shed

A

Menstrual phase

297
Q

When the endometrium begins to regenerate, glands form in it and blood supply increases

A

Proliferative phase

298
Q

When increasing progesterone levels stimulate more endometrial gland secretions and further development of blood supply

A

Secretory phase

299
Q

Are present in both sexes but function in milk production only in females

A

Mammary glands

300
Q

When a woman is lactating, milk is produced in _____, empties via ____ and the _____, and exits at the nipple

A

Alveolar glands, Lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinus

301
Q

Can detect breast cancers while they are still very small and thereby can lead to early diagnosis

A

Mammography

302
Q

Event from the time of fertilization to birth

A

Pregnancy

303
Q

When sperm swarm the egg the ____ occurs

A

Acrosomal reaction

304
Q

Occurs the moment the sperm DNA and ovum DNA merge forming a zygote

A

Fertilization

305
Q

Is a ball of about 100 cells with a hollow center and begins secreting human chorionic gonadotropin

A

Blastocyst

306
Q

Forms a fluid-filled sphere that will form the chorionic villi

A

Trophoblast

307
Q

gives rise to the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

A

Inner cell mass

308
Q

Once the placenta is formed, the fluid-filled ___ surrounds the primary germ layers

A

Amnion

308
Q

Childbirth is also called the

A

Parturition

308
Q

weak, irregular uterine contractions

A

False labor/ Braxton Hicks contractions

309
Q

The time from the beginning of true contractions until the cervix is fully dilated

A

Dilation stage

310
Q

The time from full dilation to delivery of the infant

A

Expulsion stage

311
Q

Delivery of the placenta and membranes

A

Placental stage

Finals (2 decks)

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