Anaphy Flashcards
1
Q
Nervous System
A
2
Q
Brain and spinal cord
A
Central Nervous System
3
Q
Nerves and Ganglia
A
Peripheral nervous System
4
Q
Functional classification of the nervous system include what
A
Sensory division and Motor division
5
Q
The motor division is divided into the
A
Somatic nervous system or autonomic nervous system
6
Q
This contains the fight-or-flight and parasympathetic rest-and-digest
A
Autonomic division
7
Q
Support and protect neurons in the CNS
A
Neuroglia
8
Q
In the CNS there are phagocytes
A
Microglia
9
Q
In the CNS Myelinate neuron processes
A
Oligodendrocytes
10
Q
In the CNS Line fluid-filled cavities
A
Ependymal cells
11
Q
In the CNS these brace neurons and filter nutrients
A
Astrocytes
12
Q
In the PNS these are myelinate neuron processes
A
Schwann cells
13
Q
In the PNS these protects neuron cell bodies
A
Satellite cells
14
Q
Type of processes fibers that carry electrical impulses toward the cell body
A
Dendrites
15
Q
Type of processes fibers that generate and conduct impulses away from the cell body
A
Axons
16
Q
Axons often release ______ at the axon terminals
A
Nuerotransmitter
17
Q
Speeds nerve impulse transmission
A
Myelin
18
Q
Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS are
A
Nuclei
19
Q
Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS are
A
Ganglia
20
Q
Bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS are
A
tracts
21
Q
Bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS are
A
nerves
22
Q
Functional classification are based on direction of _____
A
impulse transmission
23
Q
Sensory neurons are
A
afferent neurons
24
Q
Motor neurons are
A
efferent neurons
25
Interneurons are
Association neurons
26
Dendritic ending of sensory neurons are bare or are associated with
Sensory receptors
27
Structural classifications
Unipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, and multipolar neurons
28
The membrane of a neuron at rest is
Polarized (outer face if more positive compared to its inner face)
29
When Sodium ions enter the cell
Depolarization
30
Once begun, the _____ is all-or-nothing, and it continues over the entire surface of the axon
Action potential
31
Electrical conditions of the resting state are restored by the diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell
Repolarization
32
Ionic conditions of the resting state are restored by the
sodium-potassium pump
33
A neuron communicates with its target by releasing
neurotransmitters
34
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the ____, attach to membrane receptors on the postsynaptic cell
Synaptic cleft
35
A rapid, predictable response to a stimulus
Reflex
36
Two types of reflex
Somatic reflexes and autonomic reflexes
37
Has at least five components: receptor, sensory neurons, CNS integration center, motor neurons, and effector
Reflex arc
38
The largest part of the brain, composed of superficial gray matter and deep white matter
Cerebral hemispheres
39
The cerebral cortex surface includes
1. gyri
2. sulci
3. fissures
40
Regions of gray matter deep within the white matter that modify voluntary motor activity
Basal nuclei
41
Disorders of the basal nuclei
Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease
42
Superior to the brain stem, enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
43
Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex for interpretation
Thalamus
44
Most important regulatory center of the autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus
45
Includes the Pineal gland and the choroid plexus of the third ventricle
Epithalamus
46
Short region inferior to the hypothalamus that merges with the spinal cord
Brain Stem
47
Primarily fiber inferior to the hypothalamus that merges with the spinal cord
Midbrain
48
Inferior to the midbrain, has fiber tracts and nuclei involved in respiration
Pons
49
Most inferior part of the brain stem, contains fiber tracts and autonomic nuclei involved in the regulation of vital life activities
Medulla oblongata
50
Extends length of brain stem, involved in motor control of visceral organs and consciousness and the sleep/wake cycle
Reticular formation
51
Coordinates muscle activity and body balance
Cerebellum
52
Three connective tissue membranes protecting the CNS
Meninges
53
Though, outermost connective tissue membrane protecting the CNS
Dura matter
54
Middle, weblike connective tissue membrane protecting the CNS
Arachnoid mater
55
Innermost, delicate connective tissue membrane protecting the CNS
Pia mater
56
Provides a watery cushion to the CNS
Cerebrospinal fluid
57
The cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the ____ found in the _____, _______, _______
Choroid plexuses, subarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal
58
CSF is continually formed and drained into dural venous sinuses via
Arachnoid granulations
59
Is composed of relatively impermeable capillaries
Blood-brain barrier
60
concussions are ___ and contusions are ______
reversible damage, irreversible damage
61
Trauma-induced brain injuries may be aggravated by ______ or _______
Intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral edema
62
Or also known as strokes and is the blockage of blood circulation to brain neurons, resulting in death of brain tissue
Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)
63
Temporary restriction of blood flow to the brain
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
64
A reflex center and conduction pathway, extends from the foramen magnum to L1 to L2
Spinal Cord
65
Combine to form spinal nerves
Dorsal roots and Ventral roots
66
Is a bundle of neuron processes wrapped in connective tissue coverings
Nerve
67
12 pairs of nerves that extend from the brain to serve the head and neck region
Cranial nerve
68
21
69
Serve the posterior body trunk
Dorsal rami
70
Form plexuses that serve the limbs
Ventral rami
71
Part of the PNS, composed of neurons that regulate the activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
Autonomic nervous system
72
The housekeeping or rest and digest system
Parasympathetic division
73
Second motor neurons are in the ______ close to the organ served
Terminal ganglia
74
The fight or flight subdivision and prepares the body to cope with some threat
Sympathetic division
75
_____ are in grey matter of the cord, ganglionic sympathetic neurons are in the _____ or in the ______
Preganglionic neurons, sympathetic trunk, collateral ganglia
76
Secrete norepinephrine
Postganglionic axon
77
Severe congenital brain disease include
cerebral palsy, anencephaly, hydrocephalus, and spina bifida
78
Lymphatic system
79
Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and certain other lymphoid organs in the body
Lymphatic system
80
Extremely porous ____ pick up excess interstitial fluid
Lymph Capillaries
81
Also called lymphatics, have minivalves to ensure one-way flow towards the heart
Lymphatic vessels
82
Fluid flow in lymphatic vessels steps
1. Fluid (lymph)
2. larger lymphatics (lymphatic collecting vessels)
3. Right lymphatic duct and Left Thoracic duct
83
Lymphatic structures clustered along lymphatic vessels that lymph flows through
Lymph nodes
84
Lymph nodes serves as multiplication sites for
Lymphocytes
85
The cortex contains ___ of lymphocytes, and the medulla is full of _____
Follicles, macrophages
86
The lymphoid organs include
Tonsils, Thymus, Peyer's patches, Spleen
87
Remove bacteria trying to enter the digestive or respiratory tracts
Tonsils
88
Programming region for T lymphocytes
Thymus
89
Prevent intestinal bacteria from penetrating more deeply into the body
Peyer's patches
90
Red blood cell graveyard and blood reservoir
Spleen
91
Functional system composed of the innate defense system and the adaptive defense system
Immune System
92
Includes nonspecific and chemical protections against
Pathogens
93
Lymphocytes that act nonspecifically to lyse virus-infected, malignant cells ad other nonspecific targets
Natural killer cells
94
Prevents spread of harmful agents
Inflammatory response
95
Protective leukocytes enter area by ____, fibrin walls off the area, and tissue repair occurs
Diapedesis
96
Engulf and destroy pathogens, process is enhanced when the pathogen surface is altered by attachment of antibodies and or complement
Phagocytes
97
Becomes fixed on the membrane of a foreign cell to cause lysis
Complement
98
A group of proteins synthesized by virus-infected cells to prevent viruses from multiplying in other body cells
Interferons
99
Enhances the fight against infectious microorganisms by increasing metabolism and by causing the liver and spleen to store iron and zinc
Fever
100
The third line of defense is
antigen specific
101
Branch of adaptive body defense that is mediated by antibodies
Humoral immunity
102
Branch of body defenses are mediated by T lymphocytes
Cellular immunity
103
Large, complex molecules recognized as foreign by the body
Antigens
104
Complete antigens provoke an ____ and bind with products of that response
immune response
105
Small molecules that are unable to cause an immune response by themselves, when they bind to body proteins, the complex is recognized as foreign
Incomplete antigens (haptens)
106
Are involved in adaptive defense
Lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
107
Develop immunocompetence in the thymus and oversee cell-mediated immunity
T cells
108
Develop immunocompetence in bone marrow and provide humoral immunity
B cells
109
____ of B cells occurs when antigens bind to their receptors, causing them to proliferate
Clonal Selection
110
Clone members become plasma cells which secrete antibodies which are called the
primary humoral response
111
Other clone members become ____ capable of mounting a rapid attack against the same antigen in subsequent meetings
Memory cells
112
Memory cells provide
Immunological memory
113
Is produced by a person's own body during an infection or via vaccine and provides memory
Active immunity
114
Is conferred when antibodies produced by another person are injected into the bloodstream or when the mother's antibodies cross the placenta, no immunological memory occurs
Passive immunity
115
Proteins produced by sensitized B cells or plasma cells in response to an antigen, they are capable of binding specifically with that antigen
Antibodies
116
An antibody is composed of ___ polypeptide chains
four
117
Each polypeptide chain has a ____ and _____
Variable region and constant region
118
Variable regions form ____ one on each arm of the Y
Antigen-binding sites
119
Five classes of antibodies, also called ____ exist
Immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE)
120
Antibody functions
1, Agglutination
2. Complement fixation
3. Neutralization
4. Opsonization
5. Precipitation
121
Are pure preparations of antibodies specific for a single antigen useful in diagnosing various infectious disorders and cancer and in treating certain cancers
Monoclonal antibodies
122
Sensitized by binding simultaneously to an antigen and a self-protein displayed on the surface of an APC
T cells
123
Specialize in killing foreign or infected cells directly
Cytotoxic T cells
124
Direct the adaptive immune response and interact to turn on both B and T cells
Helper T cells
125
Turn off immune response once foreign material is inactivated or destroyed
Regulatory T cells
126
Graft from one part of patient's body the another
Autograft
127
Graft from an identical twin
Isograft
128
Graft from a person other than an identical twin
Allograft
129
Graft from a different species
Xenograft
130
Organ transplant is followed by
Immunosuppresive therapy
131
Immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless antigen, tissue destruction occurs
Hypersensitivity (allergy)
132
Due to binding of IgE antibodies to mast cells, seen in hay fever, hives, and anaphalactic shock
Immediate hypersensitivity
133
Reflects activity of T cells, machrophages, and cytokines
Delayed hypersensitivity
134
Occurs when the body's self-tolerance breaks down and antibodies and or T cells attack the body's own tissue
Autoimmune disease
135
Autoimmune diseases results from the appearance of formerly hidden
Self-antigens
136
Examples of autoimmune diseases
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), myasthenia
gravis, multiple sclerosis (MS), Graves’
disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE), and glomerulonephritis
137
Results from abnormalities in any immune element
Immunodeficiencies
138
Serious immunodeficiencies are
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease and Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
139
Immune response develops around what time?
time of birth
140
The hollow muscular tube from mouth to anus also called the gastrointestinal tract
Alimentary canal
141
Also called mouth is the site where food enters is held between teeth and tongue by lips and cheeks
Oral Cavity
142
Form the roof anteriorly and posteriorly, respectively
Hard palate and soft palate
143
Holds the tongue to the floor of the mouth
Lingual frenulum
144
Protect the entrance of the mouth
Lingual frenulum
145
The pharynx is divided into
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
146
Is posterior to oral cavity
Oropharynx
147
Is continuous with esophagus
Laryngopharynx
148
Connects pharynx and stomach
Esophagus
149
Innermost layer of moist mucous membrane lining the lumen of the GI tract
Mucosa
150
Deep to mucosa made of connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and lymphatic vessels
Submucosa
151
Smooth muscle layer with inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
Muscularis externa
152
Outermost layer, also called visceral peritoneum
Serosa
153
Is the name of the structure formed by a double layer of peritoneum
Mesentery
154
Help regulate mobility and secretory activity of GI tract organs
Submucosal nerve plexus and myenteric nerve plexus
155
located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, regions include cardia, fundus body and pylorus
Stomach
156
Food enters via the
cardioesophageal sphincter
157
The curves of the body are the
greater curvature and lesser curvature
158
Food leaves the stomach via the
Pyloric valve
159
When the stomach is empty, the mucosa has folds called
rugae
160
The stomach is anchored to the liver at the lesser curvature via the
lesser omentum and is covered by the greater omentum
161
Inside the stomach are deep ____ leading to _____ that secrete ______
gastric pits, gastric glands, gastric juice
162
Required for absorption of vitamin b12
Intrinsic factor
163
Make pepsinogen
Chief cells
164
Produce hydrochloric acid
Parietal cells
165
Produce thin acidic mucus
Mucous neck cells
166
Make local hormones such as gastrin to regulate activities in the stomach
Enteroendocrine cells
167
Thick liquid that results when food is processed in the stomach
Chyme
168
Major digestive organ of the body has three sections
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
169
Pancreatic enzymes that digest all major nutrient groups enter the duodenum at the
Pancreatic duct
170
Formed by the liver, enters the duodenum via the
Bile duct
171
Surface area is very high because of the presence of
villi, microvilli, and circular folds
172
The small intestine is protected by _____, local collections of lymphatic tissues, which increase in number toward the end of the small intestine
Peyer's patches
173
Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus , reabsorbs water, disposes of indigestibles, such as fiber, as feces
Large intestine
174
First part of the large intestine
Cecum
175
Hangs off the cecum, can easily become obstructed, leading to appendicitis
Appendix
176
Travels superiorly up right side oof abdominal cavity, turn at right colic flexure
Ascending colon
177
Travels laterally across the abdominal cavity, turns at left colic flexure
Transverse colon
178
Travels inferiorly down left side to enter the pelvis
Descending colon
179
In pelvis and S-shaped that leads into the rectum
Sigmoid colon
180
The two valves of anal canal
External anal sphincter and internal anal sphincter
181
Two sets of teeth include
Deciduous teeth and permanent teeth
182
____ cut, ____ tear or pierce, _____ and ___ grind and crush
Incisors, canines, premolars and molars
183
Exposed part of the tooth covered with enamel
Crown
184
A bonelike material that forms the bulk of the tooth
Dentin
185
Inside the dentin is the
Pulp cavity
186
Carries blood vessels and nerves to pulp cavity
Root canal
187
Part of tooth embedded in the mandible
Root
188
Outer surface is covered by
Cement
189
Cement attaches the tooth to the ____, which holds the tooth in the mandible
Periodontal ligament
190
Connects the crown and root
Neck
191
Three pairs empty into the mouth
Salivary glands
192
Anterior to the ears
Parotid glands
193
Under the mandible
Mandibular glands
194
Under the tongue
Sublingual glands
195
Retroperitoneal, organ extending from spleen across abdomen to the duodenum, produces enzymes that digest all classes of nutrients
Pancreas
196
Is the largest gland in the body
Liver
197
Liver and bile leaves the liver via the
Common hepatic duct
198
Stores bile when it back up the cystic duct upon being denied entry to the duodenum
Gallbladder
199
If bile leaks into the blood, tissues can become
jaundiced
200
The act of taking food into the mouth
Ingestion
201
Movement of foods through the GI tract, accomplished by the process of peristalsis
Propulsion
202
The physical grinding of foods into smaller pieces as they are mixed with digestive juices and involves the process of segmentation
Mechanical breakdown
203
Involves enzymes that chemically break down food
Digestion
204
The transporting of digested products into the blood or lypmh
Absorption
205
Elimination of wastes as feces
Defecation
206
Also called swallowing, is a complex coordinated effort involving the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus
Deglutition
207
Voluntary, occurs in the mouth when the tongue forces the food bolus toward the pharynx
Buccal phase
208
Involuntary, transports food through the pharynx and esophagus, controlled by the vagus nerves
Pharyngeal-esophageal phase
209
Release is stimulated by presence of food rising pH
Gastrin
210
Chyme continues chemical digestion in the small intestine through action of the
Brush border enzymes and pancreatic juice
211
Stimulates the liver to produce more bile and stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice
Secretin
212
Signals the gallbladder to contract, releasing bile from the storage, and stiumulates the pancrease to release enzzyme-rich pancreatic juice
Cholecystokinin
213
Occurs by a mixture of diffusion and active transport via blood, through the hepatic portal vein, or via lymphatics
Absorption
214
Metabolize some remaining foodstuffs and release gases
Resident microflora
215
Are the most common movements in the colon, they are slow segmenting movements
Haustral contractions
216
Are long, slow, powerful wavelike contractions that move our large areas of the colon several times per day, forcing contents toward the rectum
Mass movements
217
Are areas where the mucosa protrudes through the colon wall
Diverticula
218
When contents reach and stretch the walls of the rectum the _____ is initiated
Defecation reflex
219
Includes all microbes that live on or inside the human body and outnumbers human cells 10 to 1
Microbiota or normal flora
220
Most food is used as metabolic fuel, the energy value of food is measured in
Kilocalories
221
Is a substance used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, or repair
Nutrient
222
Include proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
Major nutrients
223
Include vitamins and minerals
Minor nutrients
224
Is a food guide issued by the USDA showing food categories and healthy portion sizes
MyPlate
225
In the diet are usually triglycerides or neutral fats
Lipids
226
Come from eggs, meats fish, and meat products
Proteins
227
Are organic nutrients found in foods
Vitamins
228
Are inorganic nutrients required by the body and include calcium
Minerals
229
Is a term that includes all chemical reactions in the body
Metabolism
230
Breakdown of substances into smaller, simpler ones
Catabolism
231
Energy released as bonds are broken is harnessed to make
Adenosine triphosphate
232
Buildup of substances into larger, more complex ones
Anabolism
233
Is the major fuel for making ATP in most body cells
Glucose or blood sugar
234
The reactions that use oxygen to ultimately generate ATP are referred to as
Cellular respiration
235
The process of breaking glucose down to pyruvate
Glycolysis
236
Processes pyruvate, transferring hydrogens and their electrons to electron carriers
Citric acid cycle
237
Transfers the electrons carried from the citric acid cycle down a gradient of carrier proteins to harness energy to make many ATP
Electron transport chain
238
When glucose is lacking and fats are used for ATP synthesis, by-products such as acetone can build up in the blood and lower the pH, a condition called
Acidosis or Ketoacidosis
239
The liver helps maintain blood glucose homeostasis by storing
Glycogen
240
Is never used to make ATP, it is used to make cell membranes, vitamin D, and steroid hormones
Cholesterol
241
Carry cholesterol to body cells
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
242
Carry cholesterol to the liver from body cells
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
243
_______ is the energy released during food oxidation and equal total ________
Energy intake and Energy output
244
Is the amount of energy the body uses at rest to carry out essential life activities
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
245
Causes excessive metabolism
Hyperthyroidism
246
Is the total number of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel all activities
Total metabolic rate (TMR)
247
If body temperature falls below normal ____ diverts blood to core structures and ____ helps generate heat by muscle action
Vasoconstriction, Shivering
248
Heat is lost from the body via ____ and ____
Radiation and Evaporation
249
The point at which heat loss mechanisms have stopped working is
heat stroke
250
Is heat-associated collapse during or after physical activity and results from dehydration, but heat loss mechanisms are still functional
Heat exhaustion
251
Reproductive system
252
Gonads or primary sex organs produce
gametes ( and secrete hormones)
253
Men produce ____ and women produce ____
sperm, ova
254
The primary reproductive organs of males
testes
255
the testes attach to the trunk via the ___, a bundle enclosing nerves, blood vessels, and ductus deferens
Spermatic cord
256
Each testis is divided into lobules that contain several _____, where sperm are produced
Seminiferous tubules
257
This produces testosterone and are found in between seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells
258
Transports sperm from the body
Duct system
259
After sperm are produced, they enter the ____, where they mature further and develop the ability to swim over about 20 days
Epididymis
260
A man ejaculates sperm from here
Epididymis
261
Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ampulla
Ductus deferens
262
The ampulla then empties into the ____ which passes through the prostate to join the urethra
Ejaculatory duct
263
Segment of the urethra that passes through the prostate
Prostatic urethra
264
Segment of the urethra from the prostate to penis
Membranous urethra
265
Segment of urethra through the penis to the outside
Spongy urethra
266
produce a thick, yellow secretion rich in sugar, vitamin C, and prostaglandins to nourish and activate sperm
Seminal vesicles
267
Produce clear mucus that leaves the body before sperm to neutralize residual urine in the urethra
Bulbourethral glands
268
Is the mixture of accessory gland secretions and sperm
Semen
269
Houses the testes outside the body at a slightly lower temperature, ideal for sperm production
Scrotum
270
Delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract
Penis
consists of
shaft, glans penis, prepuce, erectile tissues
271
The foreskin is often removed shortly after birth by
Circumcision
272
Is sperm production
Spermatogenesis
273
Spermatogenesis steps
1. Spermatogonia divide
2. Form a stem cell
3. Primary spermatocyte
4. meiosis to form spermatids
274
Spermatids have __ chromosomes
23
275
Is the process by which a spermatid develops into a fully formed sperm
Spermiogenesis
276
Covers the head of the sperm and contains digestive enzymes to help penetrate the egg
Acrosome
277
Is essential for spermatogenesis and is produced by interstitial cells when signaled by luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary
Testosterone
278
Is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
279
Are the primary reproductive organs that produce ova, or eggs that contain ovarian follicles that each contain a developing oocyte surrounded by follicle cells
Ovaries
280
Is mature and will leave the ovary during ovulation
Vesicular follicle
281
The ruptures follicle becomes a hormone-producing
Corpus luteum
282
Ovaries are held in place by
Suspensory ligaments, ovarian ligaments, and broad ligament
283
Are not physically connected to the ovaries by have fimbriae on their distal ends to wave the egg inside after ovulation
Uterine tubes
284
Receives, retains, and nurtures the fertilized egg and also participates in childbirth
Uterus
285
The region of the uterus superior to the uterine tubes is the ____, the main portion is the _____, the narrow outlet protruding into the vagina is the ____
Fundus, body, cervix
286
The wall of the uterus includes the ___ . _____, ____
Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
287
If an egg is fertilized, it will burrow into the endometrium during
Implantation
288
Is the female copulatory organ and the birth canal
Vagina
289
Is the production of eggs, it begins with stem cells that produces primary oocytes
Oogenesis
290
At puberty, the ____ begins, each month a few follicles begin to develop in response to follicle-stimulating hormone
Ovarian cycle
291
After meiosis I, a ___ and ___ are formed
Secondary oocyte and polar body
292
A surge of LH triggers ovulation, meiosis II is completed to form an
Ovum
293
Is the main female sex hormone and is produced by follicle cells
Estrogen
294
Is produced by the corpus luteum in response to the presence of LH
Progesterone
295
Includes cyclic changes to the endometrium of the uterus in response to changing ovarian hormone levels in the blood
Uterine cycle or menstrual cycle
296
When the endometrial lining is shed
Menstrual phase
297
When the endometrium begins to regenerate, glands form in it and blood supply increases
Proliferative phase
298
When increasing progesterone levels stimulate more endometrial gland secretions and further development of blood supply
Secretory phase
299
Are present in both sexes but function in milk production only in females
Mammary glands
300
When a woman is lactating, milk is produced in _____, empties via ____ and the _____, and exits at the nipple
Alveolar glands, Lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinus
301
Can detect breast cancers while they are still very small and thereby can lead to early diagnosis
Mammography
302
Event from the time of fertilization to birth
Pregnancy
303
When sperm swarm the egg the ____ occurs
Acrosomal reaction
304
Occurs the moment the sperm DNA and ovum DNA merge forming a zygote
Fertilization
305
Is a ball of about 100 cells with a hollow center and begins secreting human chorionic gonadotropin
Blastocyst
306
Forms a fluid-filled sphere that will form the chorionic villi
Trophoblast
307
gives rise to the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Inner cell mass
308
Once the placenta is formed, the fluid-filled ___ surrounds the primary germ layers
Amnion
308
Childbirth is also called the
Parturition
308
weak, irregular uterine contractions
False labor/ Braxton Hicks contractions
309
The time from the beginning of true contractions until the cervix is fully dilated
Dilation stage
310
The time from full dilation to delivery of the infant
Expulsion stage
311
Delivery of the placenta and membranes
Placental stage
