ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION

Question 1

Principle of nephelometry

Answer 1

1. particle size
2. wavelength

Question 2

Ultraviolet light wavelength

Answer 2

<400 nm

Question 3

Is the measurement of the amount of electricity passing between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell

Answer 3

Coulometry

Question 4

Types of monochromator

Answer 4

1. Colored glass filters - Thin sides
2. Interference filters - Thick sides
3. Prisms - continuous, non-linear spectrum
4. Diffraction gratings - most commonly used

Question 5

Most well known PCO2 electrode

Answer 5

Severinghaus electrode

Question 6

Is the measurement of particle concentration that is related to the osmotic pressure of the solution

Answer 6

Osmometry

Question 7

Measurements of nephelometry are made at what degrees incident to the beam

Answer 7

5-90 deg (new: 15-90 deg)

Question 8

The measurement of voltage potentials is based on the measurement of a potential (voltage) difference between two electrodes immersed in solution under the condition of zero current electrochemical measurement

Answer 8

Potentiometry

Question 9

Most well known PO2 electrode

Answer 9

Clarck electrode

Question 10

Infrared source:

Answer 10

mercury arc, lasers, globar source and nernst glower

Question 11

Infrared light wavelength

Answer 11

> 700 nm

Question 12

Chemical reaction that produces light and usually involves oxidation of organic compounds (luminol, acridinium esters and dioxetanes) catalyzed by an enzyme, a meteal, or hemin.

Answer 12

Chemiluminescence

Question 13

Is sensitive to and responds to changes in concentration of a particular ion species in the solution in which the electrode is immersed. It is also the one that measures

Answer 13

Indicator electrode

Question 14

Measurements of turbidimetry are made at what degrees to the incident beam (unscattered light)

Answer 14

180 deg

Question 15

An analytical technique that measures the decreased amount of light transmitted through a solution as a result of light scatter by particles.

Answer 15

Turbidimetry

Question 16

An analytical technique that measures the amount of light scattered by particles (immune complexes) in a solution.

Answer 16

Nephelometry

Question 17

Used in HPLC spectrophotometers

Answer 17

Mercury lamp

Question 18

Law that states the concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of radiant energy absorbed

Answer 18

Beer-Lamberts Law

Question 19

Used in spectrophotometers that examine the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum

Answer 19

Deuterium and Hydrogen lamps

Question 20

Is the measurement of electrical signal associated with chemical systems that are incorporated into an electrochemical cell

Answer 20

Electrochemistry

Question 21

Contains the solution

Answer 21

Sample cell

Question 22

Is the measurement of the current flowing through an electrochemical cell when a potential is applied to the electrode

Answer 22

Amperometry

Question 23

Converts radiant energy to electrical energy

Answer 23

Photodetector

Question 24

What is the wavelength of incident light

Answer 24

Shorter wavelength

mnemonic: IN SHOW

Question 25

Measures large substances/macromolecules

Answer 25

1. Nephelometry 2. Turbidimetry 3. Chemiluminescence

Question 26

Measurement of radiant energy absorbed by a solution

Answer 26

Absorbance spectrophotometry

Question 27

An instrument that measures the transmitted light of a solution and allows the operator to read the absorbance of the on a meter

Answer 27

Spectrophotometer

Question 28

Isolation of wavelength of choice

Answer 28

Monochromator

Question 29

UV source:

Answer 29

mercury arc, halogen, fluorescent, and incandescent lights

Question 30

Light source of Atomic Absorbance Spectrophotometry (AAS)

Answer 30

Hollow cathode lamp

Question 31

Most common type of reference electrode

Answer 31

Calomel

Question 32

Induces an electrochemical reaction by applying a voltage and measures the resulting current (net current)

Answer 32

Voltametry

Question 33

Typical lamp source

Answer 33

Incandescent tungsten/Tungsten iodide/Tungsten light bulb

Question 34

Types of photodetector

Answer 34

1. Photo cell (Barrier layer cell) - simplest type 2. Phototube - requires external voltage 3. Photodiode - excellent linearity 4. Photomultiplier tube - most common, most sensitive

Question 35

What is the wavelength of an emitted light

Answer 35

Longer wavelength mnemonic: EM LOW

Question 36

Most sensitive photodetector

Answer 36

Photomultiplier tube(PMT) aka: Avalanche photoiodide

Question 37

Visible light wavelength

Answer 37

400-700 nm

Question 38

Is the photometric measurement of light emitted by a substance that has been previously excited by a source of UV light. After it is excited and driven into a higher energy state, a molecule loses energy by fluorescing.

Answer 38

Fluorometry note: 1000x more sensitive than spectrophotometry

Question 39

It has a potential that does not change (is not influenced by the activity of the ion being measured)

Answer 39

Reference electrode

Question 40

Measures concentration through the detection of absorbance of electromagnetic radiation by atoms instead of molecules

Answer 40

Atomic Absorbance Spectrophotometry (AAS)

Question 41

Principle of turbidimetry

Answer 41

1. particle size 2. concentration