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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > Analytical Methods > Flashcards

Analytical Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

measurement of light transmitted by a solution

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETER

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2
Q

Light or Radianr Source of Spectrophotometer

A

POLYCHROMATIC LIGHT

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3
Q

most commonly used light source

A

TUNGSTEN IODIDE LAMP

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4
Q

As the lamp envelope darkens with age, the instrument readout will not rise above the 90% T, instead 100% T. What should the MTOD do?

A

Replace the Sourcr Lamp

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5
Q

Light Source used in AAS

A

Hollow Cathode Lamp

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The transmittance should be 100% at all times

A

TRUE

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7
Q

What are the components of a spectrophotometer?

A

Light Source
Entrance Slit
Monochromator
Exit Slit
Sample Cuvette
Photodetector
Readout Device

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of Loss of Linearity?

A

STRAY LIGHT

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9
Q

Most commin cause of stray light?

A

Second Order Spectra:

  1. Deteriorated Optics
  2. Light Dispersed by Darkened Envelope
  3. Extraneous Room Light
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10
Q

What are the type of filter is best in measuring stray light?

A

Sharp Cut Off Filters

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11
Q

What is used in verifying absorbance accuracy and linearity?

A

Neutral Density Filters and Dichromate Solution

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12
Q

Isolates specific wavelength of light.

A

Monochromator

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13
Q

Most commonly used monochromator

A

Diffraction Gratings

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14
Q

Short wavelengths are refracted more than long wavelengths, composed of sodium chloride, and considered to produce the purest light

A

Prism

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15
Q

Half band width of a monochromator is defined by the range of wavelength passed at ______ maximum transmittance.

A

50%

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16
Q

This is used to check the wavelength accuracy

A

Didymium Holmium Oxide Filter

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17
Q

It controls the bandpass or bandwidth, control the light reaching the sample cuvette

A

Exit Slit

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18
Q

If the wavelength is 540 nm and the bandpass allows 10 nm, what is the wavelength range?

A

535 nm to 545 nm

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19
Q

It is also called absorption cell, analyticsl cell or sample cell which holds the sample/solution.

A

Cuvette

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20
Q

Most commonly used type of cuvette

A

Alumina Silica

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21
Q

Unknown substances is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the absorbed light, and INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to the TRANSMITTED LIGHT

A

Beer’s Law

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22
Q

Beer’s Law Absorbance Formula

A

2 - log % T

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23
Q

Most common type of photomultiplier and the most sensitive one

A

Photomultiplier Tube

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24
Q

simplest detector and do not require external voltage source

A

Barrier Layer Cell
Photocell
Photovoltaic Cell

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25
Q

simplest type of spectrophotometer and it measures one at a time

A

Single Beam Spectrophotometer

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26
Q

permit automatic correction of sample and uses two photodetectors

A

Double Beam Spectrophotometer

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27
Q

Double Beam Spectrophotometer that uses two photodetectors

A

In Space

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28
Q

A solution consisting of all the components of a reacting EXCEPT THE ANALYTE.

A

Blank

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29
Q

A blank contains seruk but without reagent to complete the assay

A

Blanking Technique

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30
Q

Contains the same reagent for the assay and corrects for absorbance caused by the color of the reagents.

A

Reagent Blank

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31
Q

Sample blank is used to subtract the intrinsic absorbance of the sample usually caused by hemolysis, icterus, turbidity, or drug interference, it is performed by substituting the ______ for reagent.

A

SALINE

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32
Q

In reflectance photometry, 100% reflectance is set with an ________ film called the white reference.

A

OPAQUE

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33
Q

In Automated Reagent Strip Reader, concentration of analyte/sample is ____________ to reflectance (light reflected).

A

INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

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34
Q

Minimizes error caused by source lamp

A

Fluctuations

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35
Q

What principle is used in Bilirubinometer and Automated Reagent Strip Reader?

A

Reflectometry or Reflectance Photometry

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36
Q

What is the hottest flame color?

A

BLUE

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37
Q

Measures the light emitted by a single aton burned in a flame.

A

Flame Emission Photometry

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38
Q

In FES, Sodium emits ____color.

A

Yellow

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39
Q

In FES, Potassium emits ____color.

A

Violet/Purple

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40
Q

In FES, Lithium/Rubidium emits ____color.

A

Red

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41
Q

In FES, Magnesium/Copper emits ____color.

A

Blue

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42
Q

Type of spectrophotometer that uses an atomizer

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

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43
Q

Element is not excited, but merely dissociated from its chemical bond and place un an ionized, unexcited, ground state

A

AAS

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44
Q

AAS Light Source

A

Hollow Cathode Lamp

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45
Q

Used by AAS to convert ions to atoms,

A

Atomizer/Graphite Furnace

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46
Q

Most common burner used in AAS

A

Premix Long Path Burner

47
Q

Disadvantages of AAS

A

Flame Inefficiency and Matrix Interference

48
Q

Used by AAS to increase sensitivity for atomic emission

A

Inductively Coupled Plasma

49
Q

Uses two monochromators

A

Fluorometry

50
Q

In Fluorometry, this controls the light intensity.

A

Attenuator

51
Q

In Fluorometry, what is the purpose of primary monochromator?

A

isolates the wavelength for excitation

52
Q

In Fluorometry, what is the purpose of secondary monochromator?

A

isolates the wavelength emitted by the fluorochrome

53
Q

Light source used in fluorometry

A

Mercury Arc Lamp

54
Q

1000x more sensitive than spectrophotometer

A

Fluorometry

55
Q

Most common problem encountered in Fluorometry?

A

QUENCHING (Diminishing Light)

56
Q

Presence of Anti HLA B21

A

Ankylosing Spondylitis

57
Q

Emission of light is created from a chemical or electrochemical reaction. DOES NOT require excitation and monochromator.

A

Chemiluminescence

58
Q

Photodetector used by Chemiluminescence:

A

Photomultiplier Tube (Luminometer)

59
Q

Measures light blocked (reduction of light) by a particle and is dependent on CONCENTRATION and PARTICLE SIZE

A

TURBIDIMETRY

60
Q

More sensitive than turbidimetry and determines the SCATTERED LIGHT.

A

Nephelometry

61
Q

Dependent on WAVELENGTH and PARTICLE SIZE

A

Nephelometry

62
Q

meaning of L.A.S.E.R.

A

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

63
Q

low divergence

A

LASER

64
Q

Separation of soluble components in a solution by specific differences

A

CHROMATOGRAPHY

65
Q

Screening Test for Drugs of Abuse

A

Thin Layer Chromatography

66
Q

Chromatography used for sugars and amino acids

A

Paper Chromatography

67
Q

Gold Standard for Drug Test (Drugs of Abuse)

A

GCMS

68
Q

According to Dangerous Drugs Board, the test shall be challenged within _____ days AFTER receipt of the result through GCMS

A

15 DAYS

69
Q

If the sample for Drugs of Abuse is not challenged within 15 days, then it shall be _____.

A

DISCARDED

70
Q

In Chromatography, a noisy baseline indicates that the carrier gas is ______.

A

CONTAMINATED.

71
Q

Method that detects 20 inborn errors if metabolism

A

MS/MS

72
Q

In MS/MS, what is the purpose of VACUUM?

A

It is needed to PREVENT COLLISION between fragments.

73
Q

Mobile phase used in Gas Chromatography.

A

Helium

74
Q

Most widely used chromatography

A

HPLC

75
Q

the primary means of solutes separation in HPLC using a C18 column

A

PARTITIONING

76
Q

What is the component used in GC-MS, but is not used in LC-MS?

A

ELECTRON SOURCE

77
Q

Detector used in HPLC

A

Glassy Carbon Electrode

78
Q

Unknown Sample + Known Sample with indicator

A

Volumetric (Titrimetric)

79
Q

Principle of Schales and Schales (Titration of Chloride)

A

Volumetric/Titrimetric

80
Q

What are the osmotic particles?

A

Sodium, Glucose, and BUN

81
Q

Osmolality formula

A

2 (Na) + Glucose/20 + BUN/3

82
Q

What are the colligative properties?

A

Boiling Point
Osmotic Pressure
Freezing Point
Vapor Pressure

83
Q

Osmometer Reference Solution

A

Sodium Chloride

84
Q

What colligative property is commonly measured/used method?

A

Freezing Point

85
Q

Colligative properties that has INVERSE relationship with osmolality.

A

FaVor

Freezing Point
Vapor Pressure

86
Q

Component of freezing point osmometer that measures the sample temperature

A

THERMISTOR

87
Q

Principle employed in a vapor pressure osmometer

A

Seebeck Effect

88
Q

Each osmole, freezing point is lowered by _______.

A

-1.86%

89
Q

Formula for Osmolal Gap

A

Measured Osmolality - Calculated Osmolality

90
Q

Freezing Point Osmometer is sensitive to _______ while vapor pressure osmometer is not.

A

ETHANOL

91
Q

What test is needed to support Na, Glucosec and BUN patient testing, without the need to recollect?

A

OSMOLAL GAP

92
Q

Ideal for separation of Tricyclic Antidepressants and their metabolites

A

HPLC

93
Q

potential difference between an indicator electrode and a reference electrode is measured and FOLLOWS NERNST EQUATION

A

POTENTIOMETRY

94
Q

The reference potential of Silver-Silver Chloride electrode in Potentiometry is determined by the concentration if the __________ filling solution.

A

POTASSIUM

95
Q

Principle of Severinghaus Electrode

A

Potentiometry

96
Q

What is the principle of ISE?

A

Potentiometry

97
Q

In ISE, the membrane composition used to detect potassium is _____.

A

ANTIBIOTIC VALINOMYCIN GEL

98
Q

Persistent noise in ISE

A

BLOCKED JUNCTION AT SALT BRIDGES

99
Q

It follows Faraday’s Law and is the measurement of the amount of electricity (in coulombs) at a fixed potential

The number of equivalent weights of a reactant oxidized or reduced is DP to the quantity of electricity.

A

COULOMETRY

100
Q

Coulometry interfence

A

Bromide

101
Q

Electrochemistry technique where the end point is measured by Amperometry

A

Coulometry

102
Q

Principle of Chloride Coulometer

A

Coulometry

103
Q

measures the amount of current produced through the oxidation or reduction if the substance to be measured at an electrode

A

Amperometry

104
Q

It follows the Ilkovic Equation

A

Polarography

105
Q

Principle of Clark Electrode for pO2

A

Amperometry

106
Q

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry is used in what analysis?

A

LEAD ANALYSIS

107
Q

It is also known as the decentralized test, bedside test, and near-patient testing

A

POCT

108
Q

In types of ISE, which is NOT AFFECTED by Hypernatremia and Hyperlipidemia?

A

DIRECT ISE

109
Q

determines concentrations of metabolites with very small sizes

A

METABOLOMICS

110
Q

An immunosuppresant drug that has high clinical value used in PAPER SPRAY IONIZATION

A

TACROLIMUS

111
Q

Number of vibrations of wave motion per second

A

FREQUENCY

112
Q

Distance between two successive peaks and is expressed in nanometer (nm)

A

WAVELENGTH

113
Q
  1. Measurement of light intensity using specific wavelength
  2. Measurement of light intensity in a narrower wavelength
A
  1. PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT
  2. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT
114
Q

TRUE or FALSE

the narrower the bandpass, the greater the resolution

A

TRUE

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (4 decks)

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