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clinical chemistry > ANALYTICAL METHODS > Flashcards

ANALYTICAL METHODS Flashcards

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1
Q

VISIBLE RANGE

A

400-700nm

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2
Q

<400 nm

A

ultraviolet region

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3
Q

> 700 nm

A

infrared region

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4
Q

the relationship of frequency to wavelength

A

inversely proportional

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5
Q

Measurement of light transmitted by a solution

A

Spectrophotometry

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6
Q

most commonly used light in spectrophotometry

A

Tungsten light

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7
Q

hallow cathode lamp is used in

A

AAS

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8
Q

MOST COMMONLY USED IN UV

A

deuterium discharge lamp and the mercury arc lamp

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9
Q

Most common cause of loss of linearity

A

stray light

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10
Q

Major effect of stray light

A

absorbance error

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11
Q

most commonly used monochromator

A

grating

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12
Q

Isolates specific wavelength

A

Monochromator

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13
Q

short wavelength are refracted more than long wavelengths

A

Prism

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14
Q

Quality assurance of monochromator

A

Didymium or holium oxide filter and mercury vapor lamp

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15
Q

Controls the band pass or bandwidth

A

Exit slit

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16
Q

It holds the solution

A

Cuvet

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17
Q

type of cuvet that Indicate the position for use

A

Etched

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18
Q

Most commonly used cuvette

A

alumina silica

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19
Q

cuvet used for visble range but absorbs UV

A

glass cuvettes

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20
Q

detects and converts transmitted light to electrical energy

A

Photodetector

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21
Q

unknown subs is directly proportional to absorbed light and inversely proportional to transmitted light

A

Beer’s Law

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22
Q

The absorbance increase exponentially with an increase in the light path

A

Lambert Law

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23
Q

most common type of photodetector, excellent sensitivity

A

Photomultiplier

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24
Q

Same as photocell, differs in that an outside voltage is required for operation

A

Phototube

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25
Q

simpliest detector, require no external voltage source

A

photocell

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26
Q

A photodetector that respond to a specific wavelength UV/VISIBILE

A

Photodiode

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27
Q

simplest typer of spectrophotometer

A

Single bean photometer

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28
Q

permit automatic correction of sample and reference absorbance

A

Double beam spectrophotometer

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29
Q

a solution consisting of all components of a reaction except the analyte

A

Blank

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30
Q

contains the same reagents used for the test

A

Reagent blank

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31
Q

Serum with reagent. For correcting absorbance caused by reagents color and hemoglobin

A

blanking technique

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32
Q

used to subtract the intrinsic absorbance of the sample usually caused by hemolysis, icterus, turbidity or drug interference.

A

Sample Blank

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33
Q

measure the light emitted by a single atom burned in a flame

A

Flame Emission Photometry

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34
Q

Flame color: Hottest

A

Blue

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35
Q

Flame color: Sodium

A

Yellow

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36
Q

Flame color: Potassium

A

Violet

37
Q

Flame color: lithium/rubidium

A

Red

38
Q

Flame color: magnesium/copper

A

Blue

39
Q

Measure light absorbed by atoms dissociated by heat

A

AAS

40
Q

uses electricity to break the chemical bonds instead of flame

A

Flameless AAS

41
Q

Most common burner

A

premix long-path burner

42
Q

Flame bring the metal analyte from molecular form into its atomic form at _______ state

A

ground

43
Q

controls light intensity

A

attenuator

44
Q

the selected wavelength that is best absorbed by the solution

A

primary filter

45
Q

detects fluorescing sample

A

detector

46
Q

emission if light is created from a chemical reaction. Mo excitation radiation, no monochromator

A

Chemiluminescence

47
Q

Light blocked by a particle in a solution

A

Turbidimetry

48
Q

Determines the amount of scattered light

A

Nephelometry

49
Q

Narrow spectral width and small cross-sectional area with low divergence.

A

Laser light

50
Q

a molecule such as protein whose net charge can be either positive or negative

A

ampholyte

51
Q

migration of smalll ions

A

iontophoresis

52
Q

migration of charged macromolecules

A

Zone electrophoresis

53
Q

separation is performed in narrow-bore fused silica capillaries

A

capillary electrophoresis

54
Q

molecules migrate thru pH gradient

A

Isoelectric focusing

55
Q

separate proteins into as may as 12 zones

A

High-resolution protein electrophoresis

56
Q

what are the support medium of electrophoresis?

A

starch gel cellulose acetate, agarose gel, polyacrylamide gel

57
Q

this medium separates by charge and molecular size?

A

Starch gel

58
Q

This medium is neutral, does not bind to protein and separates by electrical charge

A

Agarose gel

59
Q

This medium separates by molecular sized and used in isoelectric focusing

A

cellulose acetate

60
Q

This medium is neutral, separates by charge and size, separate protein into 20 zones for isoenzyme

A

polyacrylamide gel

61
Q

measure the absorbance of stain. Scan and quantitate electrophoretic pattern

A

Densitometry

62
Q

separation of soluble components in a solution

A

chromatography

63
Q

distance leading edge of component moves/ total distance of solvent

A

Rf value

64
Q

uses for sugar and amino acids

A

paper chromatography

65
Q

Used for drug testing

A

thin layer chromatography

66
Q

Gold standard for drug testing

A

GC-MS

67
Q

detect 20 inborn errors of metabolism

A

MS/MS

68
Q

most widely used, uses pressure for fast separations

A

HPLC

69
Q

Unknown sample +known smaple + indicator. uses sCHales and sCHalwa method (chloride test)

A

Volumetric

70
Q

most commonly used method for measuring the changes in colligative properties in a solution

A

Freezing point depression osmometry

71
Q

measurement of current or voltage generated by the activity of a specific ion

A

Electrochemistry

72
Q

a type of potentiometric, ion-selcetive electrode used to separate membrane from sample solution

A

ISE membranee

73
Q

Measure the amount of current produced through the oxidation or reduction of the substance to be meaured at an electrode held at a fixed potential

A

Amperometry

74
Q

potential difference between an indicator electrode and a reference electrode is measured

A

potentiometry

75
Q

based on faraday’s law, number of equivalent weights of a rectant oxidized or reduced is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity used in the reaction

A

polarography

76
Q

Based on polarography; trace metal ions in the solution reduced and plated onto anodic electrode

A

Anodic tripping voltammetry

77
Q

indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances

A

Osmolal gap

78
Q

antibiotic uses to detect K

A

valinomycin gel

79
Q

antibiotic use for calcium

A

dioctylphenyl phosphonate

80
Q

antibiotic use for NH4 analysis

A

Nonactin and monactin

81
Q

widely used for the detection of therapeutic and abused drugs

A

fluorescence polarization

82
Q

disadvantage of fluorometry

A

quenching technique

83
Q

most spectrofluorometer use a

A

high-pressure xenon lamp

84
Q

for measuring ag and ab complexes

A

nephelometry

85
Q

This is used for CSF protein

A

silver nitrate

86
Q

this is used for lipoprotein

A

fat red 7B and oil red O

87
Q

this is used for lactate dehydrogenase

A

nitrotetrazolium blue

88
Q
A

clinical chemistry (7 decks)

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