Analysing And Interpreting Data

Question 1

Define Quantitative Data

Answer 1

Data that mainly focuses on number/analysis of number

Question 2

Advantage of quantitative

Answer 2

Easier to analyse

Question 3

Weakness of quantitative

Answer 3

Not as much rich, meaningful data

Question 4

Method of Collecting Quantitative

Answer 4

Mostly Questionnaire

Question 5

Define Qualitative Data

Answer 5

Data that focuses on what people say/ focus on words

Question 6

Advantage of qualitative

Answer 6

Can gain rich meaningful data

Question 7

Weakness of Qualitative

Answer 7

More difficult to analyse

Question 8

Method of collecting qualitative data

Answer 8

Mostly Interviews

Question 9

Define Primary Data

Answer 9

Data collected by the researcher them selves

Question 10

Example of Primary Data

Answer 10

Adorno F-Scale = Authoritarian Personality

Question 11

Define Secondary Data

Answer 11

Data Collected From other researchers studies

Question 12

Example of Secondary Data

Answer 12

Van lijzendoorn & Kroonenerg - Culture Variation

Question 13

Types of Data

Answer 13

Quantitative Data
Qualitative Data
Primary Data
Secondary Data

Question 14

Explain Histograms

Answer 14

Bars on equal width
Bars Joined
Looking for a difference

Used when data is continous

Question 15

Explain Bar Charts

Answer 15

Bars not joined
Looking for a difference

Used when comparing groups of non continuous data

Question 16

Explain Scattergrams

Answer 16

Looking for a correlation
Line of Best Fit Shows correlation positive or negative

used to show the type of strength on a relationship between variables.

Question 17

Measures of Central Tendency

Answer 17

Mean
Mode
Median

Question 18

How to measure mean

Answer 18

Is the average of the numbers. It is easy to calculate: add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there are. In other words it is the sum divided by the count.

Question 19

How to measure mode

Answer 19

The “mode” is the value that occurs most often

Question 20

How to measure median

Answer 20

Put all the numbers in numerical order.
If there is an odd number of results, the median is the middle number.
If there is an even number of results, the median will be the mean of the two central numbers.

Question 21

Measure of Dispersion

Answer 21

Range

Standard Deviation

Question 22

How To measure range

Answer 22

Highest number - lowest number

Question 23

How Standard Deviation should look

Answer 23

A bell,

It starts at 0 it rises and curves till it declines and ends at 0

Question 24

What does it mean if Standard Deviation is High?

Answer 24

It tells us that many of the data points are far away from the mean

Question 25

What does it mean if Standard Deviation is Low?

Answer 25

It tells us that the data was clustered around the mean.

Question 26

Correlation Analysis includes?

Answer 26

Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation
Zero Correlation

Question 27

Explain Positive Correlation

Answer 27

As Variable 1 increases so does Variable 2

Question 28

Explain Negative Correlation

Answer 28

As Variable 1 decreases Variable 2 Increases

Question 29

Explain Zero Correlation

Answer 29

No Relationship, Scattered all over

Question 30

Explain Correlation Coefficients

Answer 30

Always between -1 and +1,
-0.7 is a significant negative correlation
+0.7 is a significant positive correlation

Question 31

Advantages of Correlations

Answer 31

Can show strength of relationship between two variables
Study behaviour that you cannot study
Gain quantitative data which can be easily analysed

Question 32

Disadvantages of correlations

Answer 32

Cannot show cause and effect (what variables control what)

No control of third variable that might affect the correlation

Question 33

Describe Normal Distribution

Answer 33

A symmetrical spread of frequency data that forms a bell-shaped pattern. The mean,median and mode are all located at the highest peak

Question 34

Describe Skewed Distribution

Answer 34

A spread of frequency data that is not symmetrical, where the data clusters to one end.

Question 35

Describe Positive Skew

Answer 35

A type of distribution in which the long is one the positive (right) side of the peak and most of the distribution is concentrated on the left

Question 36

Describe Negative Skew

Answer 36

A Type of distribution in which the long is on the negative (left) side of the peak and most of the distribution is concentrated on the right.

Question 37

Normal distribution has certain defining features

Answer 37

The mean, median and mode are all in the exact mid-point.
The distribution is symmetrical around this mid-point
The dispersion of scores/measurements either side of the mid-point is consistent and can be expressed in standard deviation.

Question 38

Sign Test Summary:

Answer 38

The SIGN TEST is the only statistical test you need to know. It is used to determine whether the difference you have found is significant

Question 39

Criteria for the SIGN TEST

Answer 39

Be looking for a difference ( Not a correlation )
Have used repeated measures experimental design
Have data that is organised into categories (nominal data)

Your calculated critical value needs to be equal to or less than the table value to be deemed significant.

Question 40

The accepted level of probability in the SIGN TEST is

Answer 40

5% or or 0.05 meaning the These values correspond to the probability of observing such an extreme value by chance

Question 41

Steps to make the Design

Answer 41

Step 1: Convert your data to nominal data - do this by allocating your data to the following signs : + = -

Step 2:
Total up the pluses
Total up the misuses
disregard the equals

Step 3:
Identify your calculated value, this is the number of the less frequent sign. The calculated value is known as S

Step 4: Compare your calculated value (S) against the critical value table.
To do this you need to know if the hypothesis is one tailed or two tailed and the number of participants (N)
Remember accepted level of probability is 0.05

Question 42

Define Peer Review

Answer 42

When psychological work is assessed by specialists in the same field to ensure any research intended for publication is of high quality

Question 43

What Is Involved in a Peer Review

Answer 43

The written part of an investigation is scrutinised by a small group of experts. These experts should be unknown to the researcher and should be objective (not be influenced by their personal views and opinion.

Question 44

Aims of Peer Review:

Answer 44

To allocate Funding
To Validate Quality and relevance of the research
Suggest Improvements and amendments

Question 45

Criticism of Peer Review: Should the experts be unknown

Answer 45

This is said to lead to a more honest appraisal of the work but could experts use their anonymity as a way of criticizing rival researchers

Question 46

Criticism of Peer Review: Publication Bias

Answer 46

Some journals only like to use research with significant positive findings to increase the circulation and credibility of the journal. This means research that doesnt meet this criteria, however is still relevant and worthy could be disregarded.

Question 47

Criticism of Peer Review:Research being buried

Answer 47

Reviewers may tend to be critical of research that opposes or contradicts their own, This could lead to ground research being buried. Reviewers are usually established scientists. Proving it likely that they may have carried out similar research in the past. If new research is similar to current opinions it may be more likely to be passed than NEW, INNOVATIVE research that would challenge the established views.