Analyse Methods Flashcards
Minéralisation par voie sèche
When to use: Extraction of inorganic toxins (e.g., fluoride in blood). Unique: Uses heat (500–600°C) and oxygen to ash organic material.
Minéralisation par voie humide
When to use: Complete digestion of organic matrices. Unique: Uses acid mixtures (e.g., sulfuric/nitric acids) in open/semi-closed systems.
Minéralisation assistée par micro-ondes
When to use: Rapid decomposition of samples. Unique: Microwave heating accelerates digestion with polar/ionic solutions.
Extraction liquide-liquide (STAS-OTTO-OGIER)
When to use: Bulk organic toxins in viscera/gastric content. Unique: Gradient alcohol precipitation and sequential solvent extraction (acid/alkaline).
Extraction sélective liquide-liquide
When to use: Specific toxin classes (e.g., barbiturates in acid, phenothiazines in alkali). Unique: pH-dependent solvent partitioning for targeted extraction.
Extraction liquide-solide (SPE)
When to use: Purification/concentration of analytes. Unique: Uses cartridges with adsorbents (e.g., silica) for selective retention and elution.
Technique de Nicloux (CO extraction)
When to use: Blood CO analysis. Unique: Combines acid, heat, and steam distillation under vacuum.
Méthode de Conway (CO detection)
When to use: CO identification. Unique: Relies on CO’s reducing power to react with PdCl₂.
Distillation à la vapeur
When to use: Volatile hydrosoluble toxins (e.g., phenol, cyanide). Unique: Steam carries volatiles for condensation and analysis.
Entraînement à l’air chaud
When to use: Liposoluble volatiles (e.g., benzene). Unique: Hot air strips toxins, captured in reactive solvents (e.g., butanone).
Réactions colorimétriques
When to use: Rapid screening (e.g., salicylates with Trinder reagent). Unique: Color changes indicate presence; low cost but nonspecific.
Spectrophotométrie UV-Vis
When to use: Quantitative analysis (e.g., salicylates at 535 nm). Unique: Measures absorbance at specific wavelengths; requires purification.
Spectrométrie d’Absorption Atomique (SAA)
When to use: Heavy metals (Pb, Hg) and trace elements. Unique: Atomizes samples (flame/graphite furnace) for element-specific absorption.
ICP-EA (Plasma à couplage inductif)
When to use: Multi-element analysis (metals/metalloids). Unique: Excites atoms in plasma for simultaneous qualitative/quantitative analysis.
EMIT (Immunoessai enzymatique)
When to use: Drug classes (barbiturates, benzodiazepines). Unique: Enzyme-labeled antigens compete with sample analytes; measures NADH absorption.
Chromatographie sur couche mince (CCM)
When to use: Routine screening of multiple samples. Unique: Uses solvent migration on silica plates; low cost but low resolution.
HPLC
When to use: Polar/apolar/thermosensitive compounds. Unique: High sensitivity; coupled with UV, diode array, or mass detectors.
CPG (Chromatographie en phase gazeuse)
When to use: Volatile/organic compounds (e.g., solvents, gases). Unique: Uses gas carriers and detectors (FID, ECD, MS) for high specificity.
