Analogical problem solving and expertise Flashcards
What is the base and where is it stored?
The base is a previously experienced problem and it is stored in your long term memory
Where is the target stored and what is it?
The target is the current problem and it is in your working memory
What do you need for successful transfer from a base to target?
- Recognition – identifies potential base
- Abstraction = abstracts general principal
- Mapping = applies knowledge to target
What is ‘gist’?
stored memory structures consist of ‘gist’ = abstraction of essential content. Optimum level
What is deletion processes, generalisation process and construction process in recognition and abstractation?
- Deletion process = removes surface detail
- Generalization process = reduces amount of info
- Construction process = adding info to representations in terms of causal relations and intentions
What is mapping?
The solution of the base problem must be translated into the solution to the target
What is solution development?
- participant may generate and develop a series of partial solutions to target problem
- Each successive partial solution serves as a framework for modifying more recent solution
In real life are structural or superficial similarities chosen?
In real life people choose structural rather than superficial similarities
What are the best ways to help students’ spontaneous analogical reasoning?
- Provide students with opportunities to make comparisons between newly learned ideas and previously learned ones
- Present source and target analogies simultaneously so that the student may help realise the ways in which they are related
- Provide additional cues, such as gestures, that move between the two contexts being compared in order to highlight analogical mappings
- Highlight both the similarities and differences between sources and targets
- Using relational language to facilitate attention to shared relationships
What is the difference between how novices and experts sort problems?
- Novices sorted according to surface similarities
- Experts sorted according to deep structure
- Classified problems in terms of solution principals
- Strategic differences in how problems are solved e.g. Larkin et al, 1980
- Experts work forwards through the problem
- Novices work backwords through the problem
What is the summary of expertise findings?
- Experts remember better- based on specific knowledge not some basic capacity
- Experts employ different problem solving strategies
- Experts gave better and more elaborated problem representations
- Experts become expert through lots of practice
What are characteristics of experts?
· Work forwards through a problem
· Have better evaluative knowledge
· Faster fixation on task relevant information
· Have better knowledge for subject specific knowledge
· Groups problems according to the underlying structure and principal
What are the problem with expert systems (computer models)?
- Systems typically can’t learn for themselves
- Difficult to get knowledge from human expert
- Often expensive to develop
- Rely on domain specific knowledge – might be better if have access to other everyday knowledge (Lenat & Guha, 1990)
- Move away from a rule-based approach
- Expert knowledge can be incorporated into Bayesian Network models
What are the rules of learning to be an expert?
- ‘Practice makes perfect’
- ‘Chunking’
- ‘Knowledge compilation’ and ‘Rule induction’
Is distributed or massed practice better?
Distributed practice
