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Process Instrumentation > analog and digital ppt > Flashcards

analog and digital ppt Flashcards

1
Q

refers to a category of devices and systems
used for measuring, displaying, and recording analog signals to obtain real-time
data and information about various physical phenomena.

A

Analog electronic instrumentation

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2
Q

it is a voltage or current whose magnitude represents some physical measurement or control quantity.

A

Analog electronic instrumentation

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3
Q

play a fundamental role in instrumentation and control systems, serving as the cornerstone for the measurement, monitoring, and regulation of a wide range of physical parameters.

A

Analog electronic instrumentation

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4
Q

These analog signals offer a
continuous representation of the quantity being measured, making them
indispensable for ensuring accurate control and monitoring of industrial processes.

A

Analog electronic instrumentation

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5
Q

some common applications of analog electronic signals in instrumentation and Control:

A

-PID CONTROLLER
-TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
-PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
-LEVEL SENSING
-FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT

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6
Q

if the process pressure is ..

75%

what’s its bar and analog input?

A

7.5 bar and 16mA

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6
Q

if the process pressure is ..

0%

what’s its bar and analog input?

A

0 bar and 4mA

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7
Q

if the process pressure is ..

25%

what’s its bar and analog input?

A

2.5 bar and 8mA

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8
Q

if the process pressure is ..

50%

what’s its bar and analog input?

A

5 bar and 12mA

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9
Q

if the process pressure is ..

100%

what’s its bar and analog input?

A

10 bar and 20mA

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10
Q

This is an analog signal standard, meaning
that the electric current is used to proportionately represent measurements or command signals.

A

4 TO 20 mA ANALOG CURRENT SIGNALS

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11
Q

The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial
instrumentation systems.

A

4 TO 20 mA ANALOG CURRENT SIGNALS

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12
Q

An important concept to grasp with all analog instrumentation is that instruments sending and receiving analog signals

A

must be compatibly ranged in order to properly represent the desired variable.

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13
Q

are also used in control systems to command the positioning
of a final control element, such as a control valve or a variable-speed motor
drive (VSD).

A

DC current signals

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14
Q

In these cases, (analog electronic signals) the milliamp value does not directly represent a process measurement, but rather how the degree to which the final control element influences the process.

A

true

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15
Q

state the cycle of process of analog electronic signal

A

the process=> measuring device (senses) =>
[4-20 mA PV signal] => controller (decides) => [4-20 MV signal] => final control device (influences) => the process (reacts)

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16
Q

Why 4-20mA and not 0-20mA?

A

In this case, it would be extremely difficult to identify that either 0mA current is due to open circuit of the transmitter or it is due to no pressure of the fluid. Hence, if the transmitter is calibrated to generate current signal in the range of 4-20mA, the faults like open circuits can easily be detected

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17
Q

Why 4 mA?

A

instead of zero, to know if there’s a fault and for it to be not a value.

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18
Q

Why 20 mA?

A

it is not easily disturbed. And the internal resistance of the current source is infinite, and the resistance of the wire in series in the loop does not affect the accuracy, and it can transmit hundreds of meters on the ordinary twisted pair.

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19
Q

Why do we need to convert 4-20mA into voltage?

A

A current loop requires voltage to drive the current

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20
Q

A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent
scale. Usually, this scale is linear,

A

true

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21
Q

For example, if we were to calibrate a 4-20 mA temperature transmitter for a measurement range of 50 to 250 degrees
C,
we could relate the current and measured temperature values on a graph like ..

A

linear graph from 50-250

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22
Q

is the type used to represent the
output of a process controller, sending a command signal to a final control
element.

A

simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop

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23
Q

CONTROLLER OUTPUT CURRENT LOOPS examples

A

-4-wire (“self-powered”) transmitter current loops
-2-wire (“loop-powered”) transmitter current loops
-Troubleshooting Current Loops

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24
Q

Before the widespread adoption of reliable electronic instrumentation, industrial
processes heavily relied on instruments that operated using compressed air.

These instruments transmitted process measurement signals as air pressures
through long runs of metal tubing.

A

pneumatic instrumentation

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25
Q

these air-powered
devices were mechanically complex and required frequent adjustments to
maintain high accuracy.

A

instrument mechanics

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26
Q

Many pneumatic instruments use a sensitive mechanism called a _____
which involves a flat object blocking the airflow from a small nozzle.

A

baffle-and-nozzle
assembly

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27
Q

is often used directly in quality control work, checking for proper dimensioning of machined metal parts.

A

operation of a baffle/nozzle mechanism

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28
Q

are used to automatically achieve and maintain a state of balance or equilibrium by adjusting their internal components, often with
compressed air.

A

Self-balancing pneumatic instruments

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29
Q

They are commonly employed in measurement and control systems to ensure accurate and stable operation by compensating for
variations in the monitored or controlled process.

A

Self-balancing pneumatic instruments

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30
Q

which boosts sensitivity, similar to an electronic
amplifier, improving precision by amplifying small air pressure changes.

A

a pneumatic amplifier,

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31
Q

This _____
functions like an electronic transistor, enhancing accuracy and responsiveness in self-balancing systems.

A

pneumatic amplifier

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32
Q

The gain (A) of any pneumatic relay is defined just the same as the gain of
any electronic amplifier circuit, the ratio of output change to input change:

A

A= ΔOutput / ΔInput

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33
Q

EXAMPLES WHERE DIGITAL DATA ACQUISITION ARE USED

A

-Smart manufacturing
-Smart grids
-Connected vehicles

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33
Q

The most crucial rule for using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and
dry instrument air. Contaminated compressed air, with dirt, rust, oil, or water, can lead to operational issues in pneumatic instruments.

A

true

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34
Q

In a smart factory, DAQ sensors are used to collect data on
all aspects of the manufacturing process, from the quality of raw materials to the
performance of machines. This data is transmitted over networks to central computers, where it is analyzed to identify potential problems and optimize production.

A

Smart manufacturing

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34
Q

in Pilot Valves and Pneumatic Amplifying Relays,

To ensure accuracy in self-balancing systems, sensitivity in the imbalance detection mechanism is
vital. While reducing the orifice size makes it more sensitive, it can slow the system and make it prone to clogging.

A

true

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34
Q

these can reduce output
pressure

A

Clogged orifices

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35
Q

these can increase output pressure.

A

clogged nozzles

35
Q

To address clogs, _____ can be used to break loose debris.

A

a welding torch tip cleaner

35
Q

these have drawbacks compared to electronic ones. They’re
more sensitive to factors like vibration and temperature changes, affecting
calibration accuracy. Using compressed air is costlier than electricity, raising operational
costs.

A

Pneumatic instruments

36
Q

Installation involves ______ which can slow instrument response.

A

special tubing

36
Q

Another advantage of pneumatic instruments…In remote natural gas installations, the instruments can use
the natural gas itself as a power source, eliminating the need for an air
compressor or electrical power.

A

can operate using compressed
gases other than air.

36
Q

is the process of collecting and
processing data from various sources, such as sensors and
transducers, and converting it into digital format for storage and
analysis.

A

Digital data acquisition

37
Q

these are self-purging, releasing compressed air to keep the
inside clean, even if the exterior is dirty. In larger enclosures, they provide a
positive-pressure air purge to protect all devices.

A

Pneumatic instruments

37
Q

One significant advantage is ______ They don’t use electricity, so
they can’t generate sparks. This makes them ideal for environments with
explosive gases, liquids, dust, or powders.

A

intrinsic safety.

38
Q

This process involves several stages, including signal
conditioning, analog to digital conversion, and digital signal
processing.

A

Digital data acquisition

38
Q

can function in high-temperature and
high-radiation environments, which could harm electronic instruments. They are
naturally immune to such conditions.

A

pneumatic instruments

38
Q

use digital data acquisition sensors to monitor power generation, transmission, and distribution. This data is used to control the flow of electricity and respond to disruptions.

A

Smart grids

39
Q

Digital data acquisition sensors can be used to monitor
air quality, water quality, and other environmental conditions. This data can be
transmitted over networks to central computers for analysis and reporting.

A

Environmental monitoring

39
Q

advantage of pneumatic instruments….

However, ________ is essential to
prevent contaminants in the natural gas from affecting the sensitive instrument
mechanisms.

A

good filtering equipment

39
Q

use digital data acquisition sensors
to collect data on their own performance and the surrounding environment.
This data is transmitted to other vehicles and infrastructure over networks to
improve safety and efficiency.

A

Connected vehicles

40
Q

APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL DATA ACQUISITION AND
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

A

-Environmental monitoring
-Medical devices
-Scientific research

41
Q

Many medical devices, such as pacemakers and insulin pumps,
use digital data acquisition sensors to collect data on the patient’s condition. This data
is used to control the device and ensure that it is functioning properly.

A

Medical devices

42
Q

Digital data acquisition systems are widely used in scientific research to collect data from experiments and simulations. This data is transmitted over networks to researchers around the world for analysis and collaboration.

A

Scientific research

43
Q

ENHANCING PRECISION examples

A

-Digital data acquisition systems
-Networks
-Instrumentation and Control systems

44
Q

can be designed to very high precision
standards, with accuracies of up to 0.01%

-in enhancing precision

A

Digital data acquisition systems

44
Q

can provide reliable and timely transmission of DAQ data, even
over long distances.

-in enhancing precision

A

networks

45
Q

can use Digital data acquisition data
to control physical processes with high precision.

-in enhancing precision

A

Instrumentation and Control systems

45
Q

ENHANCING EFFICIENCY

A

-Digital data acquisition systems
-Networks
-Instrumentation and Control systems

46
Q

in ENHANCING EFFICIENCY

can automate the collection and
processing of data, eliminating the need for manual intervention.

A

Digital data acquisition systems

46
Q

in ENHANCING EFFICIENCY

can enable digital data acquisition data’s to be accessed and
shared by multiple users and devices, improving efficiency and collaboration.

A

Networks

47
Q

in ENHANCING EFFICIENCY

can use digital data acquisition
data’s to optimize physical processes, reducing waste and improving
productivity.

A

Instrumentation and Control systems

48
Q

Instrumentation is used in a wide range of industrial
processes, including:

A
  • Manufacturing
  • Energy production
  • Oil and gas
  • Water and wastewater treatment
48
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN COMPONENTS
OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL?

A

Sensor
Controller
Final Control Element

49
Q

WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF
INSTRUMENTATION IN MEASURING AND
CONTROLLING INDUSTRIAL PROCESS?

A
  • Provide real-time data on key process variables
  • Enable process control systems to monitor and adjust the process
  • Improve product quality and consistency
  • Reduce waste and improve efficiency
  • Improve safety
50
Q

WHY DO WE NEED PRECISE DATA
ACQUSITION IN THE FIELD OF
INSTRUMENTATION

A
  • Ensure the accuracy of process control systems
  • Enable the detection of small changes in process variables
  • To meet regulatory requirements
  • To facilitate continuous improvement
50
Q

A SPECIFIC FIELD THAT
SHOWS THE IMPORTANCE OF PRECISE
DATA ACQUISITION IN INSTRUMENTATION

A

-PHARMACEUTICAL PLANT

-POWER PLANT

-OIL REFINERY

51
Q

WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES IN
ACHIEVING PRECISE DATA ACQUISITION?

A

-SENSOR NOISE

-SIGNAL TRANSMISSION

-CALIBRATION

52
Q

WHAT ARE THE TECHNIQUES IN ACHIEVING
PRECISE DATA ACQUISITION?

A

-USING HIGH-QUALITY SENSORS AND INSTRUMENTATION
COMPONENTS.

-CAREFULLY DESIGNING AND INSTALLING THE INSTRUMENTATION
SYSTEM

-USING NOISE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES

-USING REDUNDANT SENSORS AND OTHER INSTRUMENTATION
COMPONENTS

-REGULARLY CALIBRATING THE INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM

53
Q

WHAT ARE THE STEP BY STEP
PROCESS OF INTEGRATION?

A
  • Sensors and Transducers
  • Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)
  • Data Acquisition System
  • Signal Conditioning
  • Data Storage
  • Data Analysis and Visualization
  • Communication and Integration
  • Feedback and Control
54
Q

GIVE EXAMPLES OF DIGITAL
SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS
USED IN INSTRUMENTATION

A

-Digital Pressure Sensors
-Digital Thermometers
-Digital Temperature Sensors:
-Digital Encoders
-Digital Imaging Sensors
-Limit Switches
-Hall Effect Sensors

55
Q

WHY DOES DIGITAL SENSORS AND
TRANSDUCERS ARE BECOMING
INCREASINGLY POPULAR

A

They offer superior accuracy and versatility due to less signal noise, and their digital format makes them easier to use with computers for analysis and control systems.

56
Q

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING IN
CONTROL SYSTEMS

A

-FILTERING

-AMPLIFICATION

-INTEGRATION AND DIFFERENTIATION

-FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM

57
Q

EXAMPLES OF DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING IN CONTROL
APPLICATIONS

A

-MOTOR CONTROL

-ROBOTICS

-PROCESS CONTROL

-AIRCRAFT CONTROL

-AUTOMOTIVE CONTROL

-MEDICAL DEVICES

-DATA ANALYSIS

58
Q

NETWORKS IN INDUSTRIAL
AUTOMATION

A

-Field Networks

-Control Networks

-Information Networks

59
Q

WHAT ARE THE WAYS THAT NETWORKS ENABLE
SEAMLESS COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
INSTRUMENTS AND CONTROL SYSTEMS?

A

-Data transmission

-Data sharing

-Remote monitoring and control

-System integration

60
Q

TYPES OF NETWORKS USED FOR CONNECTING
INSTRUMENTS AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

A

-Fieldbus

-Industrial Ethernet

-Wireless networks

61
Q

ADVANTAGES OF REAL-TIME DATA TRANSMISSION
IN INDUSTRIAL SETTINGS.

A

-Improved efficiency

-Enhanced safety

-Better decision-making

-Increased competitiveness

62
Q

SCADA systems typically consist of three main components:

A

-Sensors and actuators
-Field controllers
-SCADA master station

63
Q

also allows the operators to send commands to the
field controllers.

A

SCADA master station

64
Q

it is a central computer that collects data from the field controllers and displays it to the operators.

A

SCADA master station

65
Q

are located near the process and are
responsible for collecting data from the sensors and sending it to the SCADA
master station.

A

Field controllers

66
Q

collect data on the process variables, such
as temperature, pressure, flow rate, and level.

A

Sensors

66
Q

also receive commands from the SCADA master
station and send them to the actuators.

A

Field controllers

67
Q

are used to control the
process variables, such as opening and closing valves and adjusting the speed of motors.

A

actuators

68
Q

BENEFITS OF SCADA IN NETWORK
CONTROL

A

-Real-time monitoring and control

-Alarm management

-Data logging and trending

-Remote monitoring and control

69
Q

CHALLENGES IN INSTRUMENTATION &
CONTROL NETWORKS

A

-Harsh environmental conditions

-Legacy systems

-Multiple vendors

-Limited IT resources

-Sophisticated cyberattacks

70
Q

HOW WILL YOU ADRESS THESE CHALLENGES?

A

-Invest in ruggedized networking equipment

-Modernize legacy systems

-Use a single vendor

-Partner with a managed security services provider

-Implement a layered security approach

-Develop and implement a network security policy

-Regularly train employees on cybersecurity

-Keep software up to date

-Monitor the network for suspicious activity

71
Q

NETWORK FAILURES ON CONTROL SYSTEMS

A

-Disruption of operations

-Inaccurate data

-Security vulnerabilities

72
Q

WHAT STEPS COULD BE TAKEN TO MITIGATE THE RISK OF NETWORK
FAILURE ON CONTROL SYSTEMS?

A

-Implement robust network security measures, such as firewalls,
intrusion detection systems, and access control lists.

-Use redundant network connections, so that if one network fails, the
control system can still communicate with the devices it controls.

-Have a plan in place to respond to network outages. This plan should
include steps to identify and diagnose the problem, and to take
corrective action to minimize the impact of the outage.

73
Q

FUTURE TRENDS IN
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

A

-More complex and efficient control algorithms

-Adaptive control

-Predictive control

-Decision-making

74
Q

ADVANCED SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES

A

-Improved accuracy and sensitivity

-Increased miniaturization and portability

-New sensing modalities

75
Q

EXAMPLES OF EMERGING SENSOR
TECHNOLOGIES THAT ENHANCES
DATA ACQUISITION

A

-Graphene sensors

-Quantum dot sensors

-Microfluidic sensors

-Fiber optic sensors

-Hyperspectral sensors

76
Q
A

Process Instrumentation (3 decks)

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