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ANAL CHEM 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chromatography is a physical method that is used to separate and analyse __________

Simple mixtures
Complex mixtures
Viscous mixtures
Metals

A

Complex mixtures

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2
Q

In which type of chromatography, the stationary phase held in a narrow tube and the mobile phase is forced through it under pressure?

Column chromatography
Planar chromatography
Liquid chromatography
Gas chromatography

A

Column chromatography

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3
Q

In chromatography, the stationary phase can be ___________ supported on a solid.

Solid or liquid
Liquid or gas
Solid only
Liquid only

A

Solid or liquid

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4
Q

In chromatography, which of the following can the mobile phase be made of?

Solid or liquid
Liquid or gas
Gas only
Liquid only

A

Liquid or gas

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5
Q

Which of the following cannot be used as adsorbent in Column adsorption chromatography?

Magnesium oxide
Silica gel
Activated alumina
Potassium permanganate

A

Potassium Permanganate

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6
Q

Which of the following types of chromatography involves the separation of substances in a mixture over a 0.2mm thick layer of an adsorbent?

Gas liquid
Column
Thin layer
Paper

A

Thin layer

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7
Q

Chromatography cannot be used to purify volatile substances.

True
False

A

False

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8
Q

In Column chromatography, the stationary phase is made of _________ and the mobile phase is made of _________

Solid, liquid
Liquid, liquid
Liquid, gas
Solid, gas

A

Solid, liquid

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9
Q

Chromatography cannot be used to separate delicate products.

True
False

A

False

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10
Q

In Thin layer chromatography, the stationary phase is made of _________ and the mobile phase is made of _________

Solid, liquid
Liquid, liquid
Liquid, gas
Solid, gas

A

Solid, liquid

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11
Q

In which of the following type of paper, chromatography does the mobile phase move horizontally over a circular sheet of paper?

Ascending paper chromatography
Descending paper chromatography
Radial paper chromatography
Ascending – descending chromatography

A

Radial paper chromatography

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12
Q

Liquid chromatography can be performed in which of the following ways?

Only in columns
Only on plane surfaces
Either in columns or on plane surfaces
Neither in columns nor on plane surfaces

A

Either in columns or on plane surfaces

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13
Q

Gas chromatography can be performed in which of the following ways?

Only in columns
Only on plane surfaces
Either in columns or on plane surfaces
Neither in columns nor on plane surfaces

A

Only in columns

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14
Q

In Gas-liquid phase chromatography, the stationary phase is composed of _________ and the mobile phase is made of _________

Solid, liquid
Liquid, liquid
Liquid, gas
Solid, gas

A

Liquid, gas

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15
Q

Which of the following types of chromatography involves the process, where mobile phase moves through the stationary phase by the influence of gravity or capillary action?

Column Chromatography
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
Planar Chromatography

A

Column Chromatography

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16
Q

Which of the following steps takes place after injection of feed in Column chromatography?

Detection of components
Separation in the column
Elution from the column
Collection of eluted component

A

Separation in the column

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17
Q

Components with strong attraction to the support move more slowly than components with weak attraction.

True
False

A

True

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18
Q

Components with greatest affinity elute first
Components with least affinity elute first
Components elute in a random manner
Components elute according to their concentration in the mixture

A

Components with least affinity elute first

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19
Q

In chromatogram, the position of peaks on the time axis can be used to determine which of the following?

Components of the sample
Amount of component in the sample
Column efficiency
Column resolution

A

Components of the sample

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20
Q

In chromatogram, the area under the peak can be used to determine which of the following?

Components of the sample
Amount of component in the sample
Column efficiency
Column resolution

A

Amount of component in the sample

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21
Q

The stationary phase could be a viscous liquid coated over a surface of solid particles.

True
False

A

True

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22
Q

Using Chromatogram as detector in Chromatography, a graph is obtained between ____________ and time.

Quantity
Density
Concentration
Specific gravity

A

Concentration

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23
Q

In older analytical methods, which of the following methods were used to allow movement of mobile phase?

Pumps
Pressure
Gravity
Blowing air into the column

A

Gravity

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24
Q

How is molar concentration of solute in stationary phase related to molar concentration of solute in mobile phase?

Directly proportional
Inversely proportional
Equal
Not related

A

Directly proportional

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25
Q

If the value of the distribution constant ‘k’ is one, then what could be inferred about the distribution of solute?

Its distribution in stationary phase is greater
Its distribution in mobile phase is greater
It is equally distributed in stationary and mobile phase
It is distributed in a random manner

A

It is equally distributed in stationary and mobile phase

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26
Q

The time taken by the analyte after sample injection to reach the detector is called _________

Dead time
Solute migration rate
Adjusted retention time
Retention time

A

Retention time

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27
Q

The time required for a molecule of the mobile phase to pass through the column is called ___________

Dead time
Solute migration rate
Adjusted retention time
Retention time

A

Dead time

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28
Q

Adjusted retention time is the remaining retention time after subtracting __________ from ___________

Solute migration rate and retention time
Retention time and solute migration rate
Dead time and retention time
Retention time and dead time

A

Dead time and retention time

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29
Q

Which of the following is the volume of mobile phase required to make a solute band move from the point of injection through the column to the detector?

Dead volume
Retention volume
Void volume
Adjusted retention volume

A

Retention volume

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30
Q

Adjusted retention volume is the remaining retention volume after subtracting ___________ from _____________

Solute migration rate and retention volume
Retention volume and solute migration rate
Dead volume and retention volume
Retention volume and dead volume

A

Dead volume and retention volume

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31
Q

Which of the following is defined as the ratio of moles of solute in stationary phase to the moles of solute in mobile phase?

Distribution constant
Volumetric phase ratio
Retention factor
Total porosity

A

Retention factor

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32
Q

Which of the following is the ratio of interstitial volume of packing to the volume of its total mass?

Distribution constant
Volumetric phase ratio
Retention factor
Total porosity

A

Total porosity

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33
Q

Which of the following is the ratio of length of column packing to dead time?

Average linear rate of solute migration
Average linear rate of mobile migration
Relative migration rate
Selectivity factor

A

Average linear rate of mobile migration

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34
Q

Which of the following is the ratio of length of column packing to retention time?

Average linear rate of solute migration
Average linear rate of mobile migration
Relative migration rate
Selectivity factor

A

Average linear rate of solute migration

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35
Q

Retention distance is the distance between point of injection and minimum peak in the recorder or computer generated chart.

True
False

A

False

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36
Q

Retention volume can be obtained by finding the product of which of the following parameters?

Dead time and total porosity
Retention time and volumetric flow rate
Adjusted retention time and volumetric flow rate
Retention time and total porosity.

A

Retention time and volumetric flow rate

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37
Q

Retention factor is also known as capacitance factor

True
False

A

True

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38
Q

What must be the value of selectivity factor?

Equal to 1
Less than 1
Greater than 1
Greater than 0

A

Greater than 1

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39
Q

Which of the following is the distance that the solute moves while undergoing one partition?

Retention distance
Distribution constant
Plate height
Column packing length

A

Plate height

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40
Q

Which of the following conditions will cause the efficiency of the column to increase?

Plate number becomes greater, plate height becomes smaller

Plate number becomes smaller, plate height becomes smaller

Plate number becomes greater, plate height becomes larger

Plate number becomes greater, plate height becomes larger

A

Plate number becomes greater, plate height becomes smaller

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41
Q

Which of the following is the expression for Eddy diffusion in the column, if ‘γ’ represents obstruction factor, ‘dp’ represents particle diameter, ‘DM’ represents Solute diffusion co-efficient and ‘λ’ represents function for packing uniformity?

λ dM
2 γ DM
DM γ
λ/dM

A

λ dM

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42
Q

Which of the following is the expression for longitudinal diffusion in the column, if ‘γ’ represents obstruction factor, ‘dM’ represents particle diameter, ‘DM’ represents Solute diffusion co-efficient and ‘λ’ represents function for packing uniformity?

λ dM
2 γ DM
DM γ
λ/dM

A

2 γ DM

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43
Q

In gas-liquid chromatography, when films are used in the interior of capillary column, then what is the value of Eddy diffusion?

Greater than 1
Less than 1
Zero
Less than zero

A

Zero

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44
Q

For an unpacked coated capillary column, the obstruction factor takes which of the following values?

0
0.6
1
1.6

A

1

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45
Q

Base line resolution is achieved when degree of resolution/separation is ______

1
0
0.5
1.5

A

0.5

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46
Q

Which of the following equations give the expression for plate number, N when ‘tR’ is the adjusted retention time and ‘Wb’ is the width at the base of the peak which is equal to 4 standard deviations.

16 tR2/Wb
4 tR2/Wb
(4tR/Wb)2
4 (tR/Wb)2

A

4 (tR/Wb)2

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47
Q

It is more difficult to measure the width at half peak height than the base width in the detector output.

True
False

A

False

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48
Q

The solute, while moving in the column is always in equilibrium with both the stationary phase and the mobile phase.

True
False

A

True

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49
Q

For the separation of which of the following substances, Gas-solid chromatography is being used?

Thermally stable organic components
Volatile organic components
Thermally stable inorganic components
Low molecular weight gaseous species

A

Low molecular weight gaseous species

50
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of carrier gas used in gas chromatography?

It must be chemically inert
It should be suitable for the detector employed
It should not be completely pure
It should be cheap

A

It should not be completely pure

51
Q

Which of the following is the disadvantage of hydrogen, which can be used as carrier gas in gas chromatography?

Dangerous to use
Expensive
Reduced sensitivity
High density

A

Dangerous to use

52
Q

Which of the following is the disadvantage of helium, which can be used as carrier gas in gas chromatography?

Dangerous to use
Expensive
Reduced sensitivity
High density

A

Expensive

53
Q

Which of the following is the disadvantage of nitrogen, which can be used as carrier gas in gas chromatography?

Dangerous to use
Expensive
Reduced sensitivity
High density

A

Reduced sensitivity

54
Q

Slow injection of large samples leads to band broadening and loss of resolution.

True
False

A

True

55
Q

In which of the following methods are liquid samples injected into the column in gas chromatography?

Gas tight syringe
Micro-syringe
Rotary sample valve
Solid injection syringes

A

Micro-syringe

56
Q

What must be done to the solid samples for it to be introduced into the column without using solid injection syringes in gas chromatography?

Introduced in hot-zone of the column
Dissolved in volatile liquids
Introduced using rotary sample valve
Introduced using sampling loops

A

Dissolved in volatile liquids

57
Q

Which of the following is the commonly used support material for the packed column in gas chromatography?

Glass
Metal
Diatomaceous earth
Stainless steel

A

Diatomaceous earth

58
Q

Which of the following is the advantage of straight packed column?

It can be packed uniformly
It can be repacked easily
It is compact
It is easier to heat it evenly

A

It is compact

59
Q

Which of the following is the disadvantage of coiled or helical shaped packed chromatographic column?

It cannot be packed uniformly
It cannot be repacked easily
It is not compact
It is not easy to heat it evenly

A

It cannot be repacked easily

60
Q

Capillary columns are open tubular columns constructed from which of the following materials?

Glass
Metal
Stainless steel
Fused silica

A

Fused silica

61
Q

Sample injection port must be maintained at a temperature at which rapid vapourisation occurs but thermal degradation does not occur.

True
False

A

True

62
Q

Which of the following is not a desirable feature of the ovens used in gas chromatography?

It must have a fast rate of heating
Power consumption should be kept low
It must have maximum thermal gradients
It should have proper insulation

A

It must have maximum thermal gradients

63
Q

Which of the following is not an ideal characteristic of a detector used in gas chromatography?

Linear response to the solutes
Short response time
High reliability
Sensitive to the changes in the flow rate of carrier gas

A

Sensitive to the changes in the flow rate of carrier gas

64
Q

Which of the following is not a type of detector used in gas chromatography?

Argon ionisation detector
Thermal conductivity detector
UV visible spectrometric detector
Electron capture detector

A

UV visible spectrometric detector

65
Q

Which of the following detectors have high sensitivity to all organic compounds?

Sulphur chemiluminescense detector
Thermionic emission detector
Flame ionization detector
Argon ionisation detector

A

Flame ionization detector

66
Q

Which of the following is not the advantage of thermal conductivity detector used in gas chromatography?

Simple in construction
High sensitivity
Large linear dynamic range
Non-destructive character

A

Non-destructive character

67
Q

Which of the following detectors is widely used to detect environmental samples like chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls?

Flame ionization detector
Thermal conductivity detector
Argon ionisation detector
Electron capture detector

A

Flame ionization detector

68
Q

In which of the following detector is the eluent mixed with hydrogen and burned and then mixed with ozone and its intensity is measured?

Sulphur chemiluminescense detector
Thermal conductivity detector
Flame ionization detector
Electron capture detector

A

Sulphur chemiluminescense detector

69
Q

Filter photometer detector is primarily responsive to which of the following compounds/elements?

Volatile sulphur or phosphorous compounds
Nitrogen
Halogen
Potassium

A

Halogen

70
Q

Which of the following detector uses ultraviolet radiation from lamps to produce ionisation of solute molecules?

Sulphur chemiluminescense detector
Thermal conductivity detector
Photo ionization detector
Electron capture detector

A

Thermal conductivity detector

71
Q

Flame ionisation detector is also known as Katharometer.

True
False

A

False

72
Q

Thermionic emission detector used in gas chromatography is most sensitive to which of the following elements?

Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Halogen
Carbon

A

Phosphorous

73
Q

Which of the following detectors has a non-volatile bead of rubidium silicate placed above the flame tip?

Argon ionisation detector
Thermionic emission detector
Flame ionization detector
Electron capture detector

A

Thermionic emission detector

74
Q

In which of the following detectors, the carrier gas is excited by a radioactive source and the atoms of carrier gas are excited to metastable state?

Argon ionisation detector
Thermionic emission detector
Flame ionization detector
Electron capture detector

A

Thermionic emission detector

75
Q

Which of the following is not used as a heating element in Thermal conductivity detector?

Platinum
Gold
Graphite
Tungsten wire

A

Graphite

76
Q

Electron capture detector is much less susceptible to contamination when nickel is used instead of tritium.

True
False

A

True

77
Q

Question 81
Gas-solid chromatography is based on which of the following processes?

Partition of the analyte between a gaseous mobile phase and a stationary liquid phase

Adsorption of gaseous substances on solid surface

Ion exchange

Large molecules cannot penetrate through the gel

A

Adsorption of gaseous substances on solid surface

78
Q

Which of the following components cannot be retained by gas-liquid columns but can be separated by using gas-solid chromatography?

Formaldehyde
Hydrogen sulphide
Benzene
Carbon dioxide

A

Hydrogen sulphide

79
Q

Which of the following is not an advantage of gas-solid chromatography?

Increased column life

Can be used for separation of rare gases

Leads to semi-permanent retention of analyte

Ability to retain some components that cannot be easily retained by other gas chromatography method

A

Leads to semi-permanent retention of analyte

80
Q

The distribution coefficients of Gas-solid chromatography are greater than that of Gas-liquid chromatography.

True
False

A

True

81
Q

Which of the following columns can be used in Gas-solid chromatography?

Open tubular column
Analytical column
Separation column
Guard column

A

Open tubular column

82
Q

Which of the following is not an advantage for the conversion of packed columns into wide bore capillaries?

Longer retention times
Longer life
Higher efficiency
Greater inertness

A

Longer retention times

83
Q

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of gas-solid chromatography?

Strong retention of polar solutes
Lifetime is short
Occurrence of catalytic changes
Cannot be used for very wide range of components

A

Lifetime is short

84
Q

Gas-solid chromatography can be used only for separation of certain low molecular weight gaseous species.

True
False

A

True

85
Q

Which of the following is a special adsorbent used in gas-solid chromatography?

Molecular sieves
Silica gel
Alumina
Starch

A

Molecular sieves

86
Q

Which of the following properties of molecular sieves make it ideal for exclusion mechanism of separation?

High thermal stability
Large inner surface area
Variable framework charge
Ability to distinguish materials on the basis of their size

A

Ability to distinguish materials on the basis of their size

87
Q

Which of the following is the disadvantage of reciprocating pump used in liquid chromatography?

Produces pulsed flow
Corrosive components
Does not have small hold-up value
Does not have moderate flow rate

A

Produces pulsed flow

88
Q

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of Pneumatic pumps used in liquid chromatography?

Pulsed output
Dependent on solvent viscosity
Dependent on back pressure
Inconvenient for solvent gradient elution

A

Pulsed output

89
Q

Which of the following is not a desired characteristic of pulse dampers or flow smootheners used in liquid chromatography?

Easy mobile phase change over
Constant flow must be maintained
Should be effective at low system pressure
Maximal dead volume

A

Maximal dead volume

90
Q

Which of the following will improve the efficiency of separation process in liquid chromatography?

Increase in sample size, increase in column diameter
Reduction in sample size, increase in column diameter
Increase in sample size, reduction in column diameter
Reduction in sample size, reduction in column diameter

A

Reduction in sample size, reduction in column diameter

91
Q

Which of the following are the practical problems that arise due to the decrease in column diameter?

Requirement of large particle size and high pressure drop

Requirement of large particle size and low pressure drop

Requirement of small particle size and high pressure drop

Requirement of small particle size and low pressure drop

A

Requirement of small particle size and high pressure drop

92
Q

Which of the following is not true about guard column used in liquid chromatography?

It filters particles that clog the separation column

It extends the lifetime of separation column

It allows particles that cause precipitation upon contact with stationary or mobile phase

The size of packing varies with the type of protection needed

A

It allows particles that cause precipitation upon contact with stationary or mobile phase

93
Q

Which of the following columns are not used in liquid or high performance liquid chromatography?

Analytical column
Separation column
Guard column
Capillary column

A

Capillary column

94
Q

Which of the following is not a Column-type Liquid chromatography?

Gel permeation
Ion exchange
Liquid-solid
Paper

A

Paper

95
Q

Which of the following is not true about radial compression column when compared to standard separation column?

Internal diameter decreases
Overall operating pressure decreases
Analysis time decreases
Solvent flow increases

A

Internal diameter decreases

96
Q

Which of the following is not true about narrow bore column when compared to standard columns?

Internal diameter decreases
Volumetric flow decreases
Solvent cost is saved
Detector response time increases

A

Detector response time increases

97
Q

Which of the following types of liquid chromatography uses immobilized biochemical as stationary phase?

Ion exchange chromatography
Exclusion chromatography
Affinity chromatography
Gel permeation chromatography

A

Affinity chromatography

98
Q

Which of the following is not true about High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)?

It requires high pressure for the separation of the specious
There is no need to vaporise the samples
It is performed in columns
It has high sensitivity

A

There is no need to vaporise the samples

99
Q

High pressure liquid chromatography can be performed only in columns.

True
False

A

True

100
Q

Which of the following is not an advantage of Syringe type pumps used in High pressure liquid chromatography?

Independent of viscosity
Pulse-less flow
High pressure capability
Unlimited solvent capacity

A

Unlimited solvent capacity

101
Q

Which of the following is not true about solvent programming which is done in high performance liquid chromatography?

It provides unequal bandwidths
It provides fast overall separation
It provides maximum resolution
It provides maximum sensitivity

A

It provides unequal bandwidths

102
Q

Which of the following pulse damper takes up some amount of the pulsation energy which is released to provide smooth pressure without pulsations?

Flexible bellows or compressible gas passed through tee columns

Flexible inert diaphragm

Electronic pulse damper

Electrical pulse damper

A

Flexible bellows or compressible gas passed through tee columns

103
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the syringe pump used in high pressure liquid chromatography?

Pressure capability is high

Maintenance is frequent

Limited reservoir capability

Slight change of flow rate when extremely high pressure compresses the solvent

A

Maintenance is frequent

104
Q

Syringe pumps used in High pressure liquid chromatography are most suitable for which of the following columns?

Capillary columns
Guard columns
Short-fast columns
Small bore columns

A

Small bore columns

105
Q

Gravity feed method for solvent delivery is not used with narrow bore columns packed with fine mesh particles.

True
False

A

True

106
Q

Which of the following cannot be done to reduce ripple in High pressure liquid chromatography?

Using bellows
Using restrictors
Using long nylon tube between pump and column
Avoiding the use of solvent pump

A

Avoiding the use of solvent pump

107
Q

Which of the following is not true about Hydraulic capacitance flow control system used in HPLC?

It can be used only for liquids with low viscosity
It is irrespective of solvent compressibility
It maintains constant flow
It smoothens high pressure pump pulsations

A

It can be used only for liquids with low viscosity

108
Q

Bulk property detectors used in liquid chromatography does not respond to which of the following properties?

Refractive index
Density
Properties of solutes
Dielectric constant

A

Properties of solutes

109
Q

Which of the following is not a property of a good detector used in liquid chromatography?

Good sensitivity

Ability to function in the presence of large background signal

Short response time

Volume of detector must be large

A

Volume of detector must be large

110
Q

Detector selectivity is more important in Liquid chromatography than in Gas chromatography.

True
False

A

True

111
Q

Which of the following UV absorbance detectors provide a real time spectrum of the component of interest?

Continuous wavelength detector
Variable wavelength detector
Scanning wavelength detector
Fixed wavelength detector

A

Scanning wavelength detector

112
Q

Fluorescence detection is less selective than absorption detection.

True
False

A

False

113
Q

Question 117
Which of the following detectors depend on Snell’s law at the interface between the cell wall and the flowing liquid to deflect the light beam?

Electrochemical detectors
Fluorescence detectors
Refractive index detectors
Thermal conductivity detectors

A

Refractive index detectors

114
Q

Refractive index detectors used in liquid chromatography are not based on which of the following processes?

Interference
Refraction
Reflection
Absorption

A

Absorption

115
Q

Which of the following detectors can be used for detection of amino acids in protein hydrolyzates by introducing the reagent dansylchloride in the sample?

Electrochemical detectors
Fluorescence detectors
Refractive index detectors
Thermal conductivity detectors

A

Fluorescence detectors

116
Q

The reference cell is packed with which of the following in the Adsorption detector used in liquid chromatography?

Inactive glass beads
Porous glass beads
Alumina
Silica

A

Inactive glass beads

117
Q

Which of the following is true about Laser detectors used in liquid chromatography?

Causes thermal distortion, has decreased sensitivity

Causes thermal distortion, has increased sensitivity

Does not cause thermal distortion, has decreased sensitivity

Does not cause thermal distortion, has increased sensitivity

A

Causes thermal distortion, has decreased sensitivity

118
Q

Which of the following detectors used in liquid chromatography is also called micro-adsorption detector?

Electrochemical detectors
Fluorescence detectors
Refractive index detectors
Thermal detectors

A

Thermal detectors

119
Q

In UV-Visible detectors, the cells are not made of which of the following materials?

Quartz
Teflon
Silica
KELF

A

Silica

120
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of refractive index type detectors?

Higher potential sensitivity
Low cost
High volume flow rates
Easy cell accessibility

A

High volume flow rates

121
Q

Which of the following detectors can detect almost any component?

Combining two UV detectors
Combining RI and UV detectors
Mass detector
Laser-based detectors

A

Combining RI and UV detectors

122
Q

END

A

END

ANAL CHEM (5 decks)

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