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Rodent Module > Anaesthesia For Minor Procedures > Flashcards

Anaesthesia For Minor Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we use anaesthesia?

A

Immobility, prevent pain, prevent distress

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2
Q

Why is anesthesia important?

A

High quality data, lower variation in no. of animals needed, lower mortality, refine, reduce

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3
Q

Fasting in anaesthesia?

A

Anaesthesia = no protective coughing reflex = inhale vomit = pneumonia (dogs, cats, primates, ferrets, pigs, sheep, ruminants).

Rodents, rabbits, guinea pigs = no vomit

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4
Q

Acclimatization in anesthesia?

A
  • 7-10 days in animal unit
  • Reduce stress = safer
  • Check animal health and weight
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5
Q

Local anaesthetic in anaesthesia?

A

Anaesthetize large areas by blocking nerve trunks = topical for larger species BUT need restrain/training to accept

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6
Q

Pros and cons of inhalants?

A

Pros: easy administration, smooth and rapid induction, change depth, rapid recovery

Cons: expensive equipment, anaesthetise 1 at a time, waste gas must be removed

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7
Q

Pros and cons of injectables?

A

Pros: multiple at once, no specialist equipment, just O2

Cons: can’t change dose, variability in response

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8
Q

What are signs of poor health in animals?

A
  • Ruffled coat
  • Sunken/closed eyes
  • Hunched posture
  • Pale ears/tail
  • Not active
  • Discharge around eye
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9
Q

How does anaesthesia affect your results?

A
  • Cardiovascular + respiratory depression, hypothermia
  • Alter immune, tumour metastatic rate, organ blood flow, compete for enzyme pathways, interact w/ receptors, GI motility
    => REVIEW LITERATURE
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10
Q

What are the common injectable agents

A

Ketamine (+ Medetomidine)
- 30 mins surgical anaesthesia, ~180 mins recovery
- Atipamezole partially reverses
- Provide O2
- Give extra analgesia after reversal

Hypnorm (+ midazolam/diazepam)
- Surgical anaesthesia
- Buprenophine partially reverses

Propofol
- Surgical anaesthsia 5-10 mins via IV

Alphaxalone

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11
Q

What are uncommon injectable anaesthetics?

A

Etomidate (+fentanyl)
Pentobarbital (light anaesthsia, narrow safety margin, 7hr recovery)

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12
Q

Compare the different routes of adminstration of injectables?

A

IM: 5-10 mins to develop. Pain on administration in small. Some = irritant = muscle damage E.g. Ketamine.

SC: 5-15. Less stress, more consistent than IM/IP. Not all agents suitable. Slower absorption (10 mins), easy, well tolerated

IP: Widely used. 5-10% times not all anaesthetic administered. Not all suitable. Less pain, easier but also problems w/ airsac in birds

IV: Rapid effect = dose adjustable. Better for large. Check dose appropriate on 1/2 animals

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13
Q

How do you assess anaesthesia depth?

A

Withdrawal Reflexes:
- tail pinch (light-med)/pedal withdrawal (med-deep)

Eye Position:
- useful in dog, cat, pig, sheep = eye gradually rotates down w/ anaesthesia, blink reflex lost, deep = eye rotates back up and fixed centrally
- Rodents = fixed eye position, blink may remain
- Rabbits = variation, deep = rotate and protrude

Ear Pinch:
- Lost in rabbits and guinea pigs

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14
Q

What do we need to support and monitor during anaesthesia?

A
  • Support respiratory function
  • Prevent eye injury
  • Prevent hypothermia
  • Monitor HR
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15
Q

How can you assess respiration?

A
  • Observe pattern and depth of chest movements
  • Electronic monitor
  • Reduction of 50% rate = concerning
  • Lay so airway unobstructed, head and neck extended
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16
Q

How do you prevent eye injury?

A

Ophthalmic ointment/taping lids = >15 mins anaesthsia

17
Q

What are the steps of administering injectables?

A
  • Place into clean cage while anaesthetic takes effect
  • Check leg withdrawal reflex
  • If stop breathing = administer O2, extend head and gently squeeze chest, give antagonist, give respiratory stimulant E.g. dopzapram, use syringe to inflate lungs
18
Q

How does surgery affect body temperature?

A

Anaesthetics + cold fluids + shaving + cold anaesthetic gases = hypothermia

Hypothermia = fall in body temp >2 degrees = cardia arrest, altered cell membrane transport systems, enzyme activity

19
Q

How do you maintain temperature during injectables?

A
  • Heating pad
  • Monitor temp
  • Avoid excessive skin disinfectants
  • Minimize shaving
  • Avoid unnecessary exposure of abdominal viscera
  • Warm fluids to body temp before administration
  • Use forced-air warming blankets in big species
  • Insulate w/ bubble wrap
20
Q

What are the most common inhalational agents?

A

Isoflurane - rapid induction and recovery, depth easily and rapidly altered. Pungent but no breath holding in species except rabbit and guinea pig. Almost no biotransformation and nearly completely eliminated in exhaled air

Sevoflurane - more rapid induction/recovery than isoflurane, alter depth, non-explosive/flammable. Less pungent than others, mask well tolerated in most except rabbits and guinea pigs. Many recover w/o involuntary excitement

Desflurane - used, expensive, most rapid onset/recovery, relatively non-irritant. Least degree of metabolism. Needs pressurized, temperature-controlled vaporiser due to low boiling point. Not widely used in vets/lab.

Halothane - no longer available commercially in many countries

Methoxyflurane - similar to halothane

Ether - not used in EU/US = unpleasant to inhale and safety risk (explosive w/ air/oxygen)

21
Q

What are the recovery times in rats after 1hr of anaesthesia

A

Desflurane - 5 mins = righting reflex, 10 mins = rotarod test

Sevoflurane - 7 = righting, 15 = rotarod

Isoflurane - 10 = righting, 21 = rotarod

Halothane - 19 = righting, 40 = rotarod

22
Q

What does the vaporiser do?

A

Deliver precise conc of anaesthetic, even when temp and rate of gas flow changed

23
Q

How do you dispose of unused anaesthetics?

A

Inhalant = return liquid anaesthetic to original bottle
Injectable = sharps, may be special control

24
Q

What do you do with animals after surgery?

A
  • Put animal in bedding in incubator (not sawdust)
  • After normal, put in warm recovery area (30-35C until animal conscious, maintain 35 for neonates, 25-30C for small rodents, 25C for larger animals. Reduce as they regain normal activity)
  • Don’t need to give O2 but monitor respiration and keep animal on sides/chests
    -Can have food+ water after moving normall and recovered
  • Assess for pain, maybe give NSAID

Rodent Module (9 decks)

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