ANAESTHESIA Flashcards
Define induction
Time from administration of a potent anesthetic to development of effective anesthesia
what is the term that describes the providence of sustained anesthesia
Maintenance
What is recovery
Time from discontinuation of anaesthetic until consciousness and protective reflexes return
During recovery, what is the mechanism of dissolving the anaesthetic agents
Redistribution from the site of action (rather than metabolism of the drug) underlies recovery
* If neuromuscular blockers have not been fully metabolized, reversal agents may be used
What are the four stages of anaesthetic depth?
- Analgesia
- Excitement
- Surgical anaesthesia
- Medullary paralysis - Severe depression of the respiratory and vasomotor centres occurs (not desired)
- Ventilation and/or circulation must be supported to prevent death
What makes excitement dangerous? How can these effects be combated?
Patient displays delirium and possibly combative behaviour
* A rise and irregularity in blood pressure and respiration occur, as well as a risk of
laryngospasm
* To shorten or eliminate this stage, rapid-acting IV agents are given before
* inhalation anaesthesia is administered
What is Malignant hyperthermia, how does it come about and how can it be treated?
an autosomal dominant disorder
* Rare life threatening condition induced by halogenated hydrocarbon
anaesthetics or succinylcholine
* Uncontrolled increase in skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism resulting in
* Hyperpyrexia
* Circulatory collapse
* Death (if not treated immediately)
Dantrolene
* If patient exhibits symptoms of malignant hyperthermia
* Dantrolene given as the anaesthetic mixture is withdrawn and patient rapidly cooled down
* Blocks release of calcium from muscle cells which reduces heat production and relaxes muscle
tone
What can be used to prolong the effects of Benzodiazepines
Erythromycin
Which anaesthetic can cause anemia if a patient has vitamin B12 deficiency?
Nitrous oxide
What class of drugs would be used for sedation? Give an example.
Barbiturates would be used for sedation, thiopental is an example of a barbiturate.
Procaine is a local anesthetic. Jeffery is allergic to PABA, would administering procaine to Jeffery cause an allergic reaction and if so, what can this allergic reaction be treated with?
Yes, procaine is an ester that gets metabolized to PABA by pseudocholine esterase which would trigger an allergic reaction within Jeffery. To treat this we could use antihistamines such as diphenhydramine.
The use of scopolamine and glycopyrrolate is to help with what in terms of anesthetics?
Amnesia, it is an anticholinergics
