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PIL A, B & C > Anaesthesia > Flashcards

Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of anaesthetic medication?

A
  1. sedatives/tranquilisers
  2. analgesics
  3. anticholinergics
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2
Q

What animals do sedatives/tranquilisers commonly apply for?

A

Rodents but commonly used in larger speceis

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3
Q

What is the effect of sedatives?

A

Drowsiness with sluggish arousal response

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4
Q

What is the effect of tranquilisers?

A

Some relaxation and drowsiness but with rapid arousal response

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5
Q

Give some examples of sedative/tranquilisers.

A

phenothiazines
alpha-2 agonists
benzodiazepines
butyrophenones

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6
Q

What are the properties of phenothiazine and what are some examples of phenothiazine?

A
  1. Light sedation only
  2. Can be used in many species, but not in rodents
  3. Best not used in very old/young
  4. No analgesic properties - no pain release effect
  5. acepromazine -‘ACP’
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7
Q

wha are the properties of ACP?

A

-effective, inexpensive drug, capable of reducing induction and maintenance needs significantly.
-In fit and healthy animals of all species, ACP is a very useful and safe drug, producing light sedation.
-it should be avoided in very young animals (<12 weeks in cats/dogs) and used with care in geriatric animals.
-it has no analgesic properties of its own
-Potential adverse effects of ACP include hypotension and peripheral vasodilation

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8
Q

What are the properties of Alpha2 adrenoreceptor agonists and what are some examples of Alpha2 adrenoreceptor agonists?

A
  1. xylazine and medetomidine
  2. Commonly used in many species
  3. Very powerful sedatives
  4. Also some analgesic properties
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9
Q

What are the properties of Medetomidine?

A

-it produces stress reduction, dose related analgesia, muscle relaxation, good maintenance of core body temperature, stable anaesthesia, freedom from respiratory depression and is anti-arrhythmic.
-High doses of medetomidine can produce pronounced peripheral vasoconstriction (animal extremities become very pale), marked hypertension (blood pressure rises) and bradycardia (slow heart rate).
-When used in combination with an opioid, such as butorphanol or buprenorphine, the potential for unwanted side effects is quite low

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10
Q

What are the properties of Xylazine?

A

-It is the sedative of choice for cattle, and also works well in horses, but in most other species does not have any significant advantages over medetomidine.
-it is frequently used in combination with ketamine in the rodent species to
provide light surgical anaesthesia.

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11
Q

What are the properties of Benzodiazepines and what are some examples of Benzodiazepines?

A
  1. midazolam* – ‘Hypnovel’
    diazepam** – ‘Valium’
    [Controlled drugs * Schedule 3, **Schedule 4]
  2. Typical tranquilisers
  3. Provide good “sedation” in rodents, rabbits, pigs and sheep
  4. Very good for old and young animals
  5. Less anaesthetic sparing effect compared with true sedatives - need to give higher concentration than normal sedatives
  6. usually in combination with an opioid, as this combination has minimal effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
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12
Q

What are the properties of Butyrophenones and what are some examples of Butyrophenones?

A

Examples: azaperone – ‘Stresnil’
* fluanisone – component of ‘Hypnorm’
* Limited use in veterinary practice
* Produces mild sedation with some anaesthetic sparing effect
* Used as a sedative in pigs
* Combined with fentanyl in ‘Hypnorm’ (widely used neuroleptanaesthetic mixture)

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13
Q

What is analgesics?

A
  • Analgesia is the temporary abolition or diminution of pain perception.
  • Analgesics are more effective when given pre- operatively (i.e. BEFORE experiencing painful stimuli)
  • Some analgesics may cause mild sedation
  • Analgesics can also reduce the total amount of anaesthetic required.
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14
Q

The types of analgesia?

A

a) Opioids
a) Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
a) Local anaesthetics

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15
Q

What are the properties of opioids?

A

-Nearly all opioids are controlled drugs (strict recording & storage rules)
-Classically used to control SEVERE pain.
-Different drugs have different effects at different receptors.
-Many side effects – especially respiratory depression. Most opioids are short acting.
-Antagonists are often available.

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16
Q

What are the examples of opioids?

A

1) μ agonists
2) Buprenorphine
3) Butorphanol

17
Q

What are the examples and properties of μ agonists?

A

Examples: morphine, pethidine, oxymorphone, fentanyl.
* Very potent analgesic action.
* Generally have short duration of action, which
makes their practical use difficult.
* Fentanyl is a component of the neuroleptanaesthetic ‘HYPNORM’.
* Schedule 2 controlled drugs.

18
Q

What are the examples and properties of Butorphanol？

A
  • Useful for controlling mild pain.
  • Has moderate sedative action.
  • Rapid onset, but short duration.
  • Can be combined with other drugs * in“anaestheticcocktails”.
    *Butorphanol can also be combined with either ACP or medetomidine in healthy animals or with either midazolam or diazepam in aged and/or less healthy animals for premedication. It is not effective orally.
19
Q

What are the examples of NSAIDS?

A

meloxicam -‘Metacam’
carprofen– ‘Rimadyl’
flunixin - ‘Finadyne’
ketoprofen-‘Ketofen’

20
Q

What are the properties of NSAIDS?

A
  • Aspirin or paracetamol-like like drugs.
  • Suitable for controlling mild or chronic pain.
  • Often given post-operatively or as a part of a multi-modal analgesic protocol.
21
Q

What are the properties of Buprenorphine?(布洛芬？？？？）

A
  • Controls moderate to severe pain.
  • Duration of action 6-8 hours or longer.
  • Slow onset of action (30-60 minutes).
  • Widely used in rodents, rabbits and other lab animals.
  • Schedule 3 controlled drug.
22
Q

What are the disadvantages of NSAIDS?

A
  • Long-term use can induce gastric ulceration
  • Can interfere with some studies
23
Q

What are the advantages of NSAIDS?

A
  • Can be given by injection (typically s/c) * Can be given orally
  • As drops into the mouth * In drinking water
  • In palatable gel
24
Q

What are the properties of Local anaesthetics?

A
  • Local anaesthetics are very potent analgesics.
  • They block sensory nerve endings in tissues, and the
    effects may persist for several hours.
  • Available as topical or injectable preparations.
25
Q

Local and Regional Anaesthesia

A
  • Commonly used in (sedated, conscious) large animals for surgery.
  • Can also be used to block nerves before surgery under general anaesthesia.
  • Can infiltrate into surgical wounds at closure.
26
Q

What is multi-modal analgesia?

A

Principles:
* Pain control is best achieved by giving analgesics BEFORE the onset or experience of pain.
* There are multiple pain pathways, each blocked by different analgesic agents.
* “Multi-modal analgesia” uses a combination of analgesics which together provide optimal pain control.

27
Q

What is anticholinergics?

A
  • Block acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
  • Reduce bronchial and salivary secretions.
  • Protect the heart from vagal inhibition due to some
    surgery.
  • Contra-indicated in ruminants.
  • Not often used in rodents.
28
Q

What are the examples of anticholinergics?

A

atropine, glycopyrrolate

29
Q

What are the properties of fentanyl?

A

-has a short duration of activity, which makes it unattractive as a pre-anaesthetic medication.

PIL A, B & C (3 decks)

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