Anaemia Flashcards
What are the cells that form in the process of erythropoiesis?
Multipotent haemopoietic stem cell
Common myeloid progenitor cell
Early normoblast
Intermediate normoblast
Late normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
Where does erythropoiesis take place?
Bone marrow
What process occurs within in intermediate and late normoblast?
Haemoglobin accumulation
What process occurs as a late normoblast becomes a reticulocyte?
Ejection of the nucleus
How many red blood cells are produced daily by bone marrow?
10^12
What hormone regulates erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin
Where is 90% of erythropoietin produced?
Kidneys
Erythropoietin production is stimulated by what?
Hypoxia
What initial effect does erythropoietin have?
Increases the number of erythroid progenitor cells
What happens to the erythroid progenitor cells?
They proliferate, differentiate and produce Hb
What is another name for erythropoietin?
EPO
What sort of feedback does red blood cell production as a result of EPO production have on the kidneys?
Negative feedback
What is the effect of the negative feedback exerted on the kidneys by increase RBC production?
Decreased EPO production
What chronic condition can cause decreased EPO production?
CKD
As a result of decreased EPO production, CKD can lead to what presentation?
Anaemia
What sort of molecule is haemoglobin?
Tetrameric
How many pairs of globin chains make up haemoglobin?
2 pairs of identical chains
What does each globin chain have?
Its own harm group
How many configurations can haemoglobin exist in?
2
What are the two configurations of haemoglobin?
High affinity structure
Low affinity structure
What peptide chains make up adult haemoglobin?
2 x α-chains + 2 x β-chains
What peptide chains make up foetal haemoglobin?
(2 x α-chains) + (2 x γ-chains)
What are the functions of haemoglobin?
Carriage of O₂ form lungs to tissues
Carriage of CO₂ from tissues to lungs
Iron is essential for the formation of which molecules?
Hb
Myoglobin
Cytochromes
What is the role of myoglobin?
Facilitates oxygen use and storage in muscles
Problems with what aspects of the RBC lifecycle can lead to anaemia?
Erythropoiesis
Haemoglobin synthesis
Membrane structure
Metabolism
Intravascular haemolysis
Blood loss
Removal
What types of problems can lead to problems creating Hb?
Mutations in the genes encoding Hb proteins
Lack of iron
Deficiency in molecules required for DNA synthesis
What type of anaemia can mutations in the genes encoding globin proteins lead to?
Haemolytic anaemia
Which conditions can occur as a result of mutation of proteins encoding globin proteins?
Thalassaemia
Sickle cell disease
Deficiency in which molecules required for DNA synthesis can lead to anaemia?
Vitamin B12
Folate
What shape is a regular red blood cell?
Biconcave
What is the average diameter of a red blood cell?
8 µm
What property of red blood cells is required for them to be able to fit through blood vessels?
Flexibility
What type of anaemia can occur as a result of abnormal red blood cell membrane structure?
Haemolytic anaemia
What can lead to abnormal red blood cell membrane structure?
Abnormalities of membrane proteins
What conditions result in abnormal red blood cell membrane structure?
Hereditary spherocytosis
Hereditary eliptocytosis