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Haematology > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

when does anaemia occur?

A

when haemoglobin levels fall below the recommended rates.

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2
Q

what are the recommended rates for men?

A

130g/L

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3
Q

what are the recommended rates for females?

A

120g/L

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of anaemia?

A

microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic,

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5
Q

what is microcytic anaemia?

A

small cell size

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6
Q

normocytic anaemia?

A

normal cell size

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7
Q

macrocytic anaemia?

A

large cell size.

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8
Q

mean cell/corpuscular volume? mcv

A

average volume of red blood cell.

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9
Q

haematocrit? hct

A

volume percentage of red blood cells in blood. 45%.

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10
Q

mean corpuscular haemoglobin? mch

A

average amount og haemoglobin per red cell.

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11
Q

mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration? mchc

A

average amount of haemoglobin per unit volume of red blood cells

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12
Q

red cell distribution width? rdw

A

variation in cell volume.

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13
Q

why does anaemia occur?

A
  1. there is something wrong with production of rbc
  2. there is deficiency in material to make red blood cells
  3. there is abnormal loss/breakdown of red blood cells.
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14
Q

features of hypochromic microcytic anaemia?

A
  • mcv lower than 80.
  • production of red blood cells is smaller than usual.
  • decreased haemoglobin production.
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15
Q

what are causes of microcytic anaemia?

A

S - sideroblastic anaemia
L - lead poisoning
I - iron deficiency (most common) (high rdw)(more variation in size of rbc)
T - thalassemia (normal rdw) (less variration in rbc size)

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16
Q

what do microcytic anaemia cells look like?

A

target shaped.

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17
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

genetic disease of haemoglobin synthesis.

  • the alpha and beta chains of haemoglobin do not form properly
  • abnormal production of haemoglobin protein
18
Q

alpha?

A

?

19
Q

beta?

A

?

20
Q

what is hepcidin?

A

iron regulated acute phase protein.

21
Q

what do increased hepcidin levels lead to?

A

decreased iron absorption.

22
Q

what synthesises and secreted hepcidin?

A

liver.

23
Q

what is ferritin?

A

iron stored.

24
Q

what happens when ferritin is high?

A

a lot of iron stored in the body.

25
Q

what is transferrin?

A

a molecule that transports iron.

26
Q

features of normochromic macrocytic anaemia?

A

mcv greater than 100

27
Q

what are the causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A

FATRBC.
F - foetus (poor folate absorption during preg)
A - alcohol (which may lead to B12/folate deficiency)
T - Thyroid.
R - Reticulocytosis (when there are anormal RBC precursors)
B - B12/folate deficiency.
C - cirrhosis (liver)

28
Q

when does megaloblastic normochromic macrocytic anaemia occur?

A

when there are direct DNA problems, leading to production of ineffective/mutated RBC.

29
Q

why may megaloblastic normochromic macrocytic anaemia occur?

A
  • due to b12/folate deficiency.

- particular drugs (antiviral drugs that mess up folate synthesis pathways)

30
Q

what is non-megaloblastic normochromic macrocytic anaemia?

A
  • macrocytic anaemia not caused by DNA damage.

- could be bone marrow issues, thyroid problems, cancer FATRBC

31
Q

what is normochromic normocytic anaemia?

A

mcv between 80 and 100.

32
Q

what can normochromic normocyti anaemia be caused by?

A

-anything that doesn’t cause microcytiv/macrocytic anaemia (blood loss, haemolysis, anaemia of chronic disease, bone marrow problems.)

33
Q

what is the most common type of normocytic anaemia?

A

-haemolytic anaemia.

34
Q

what does haemolysis reuslt in?

A

drop in hb, but no change in size of rbc.

35
Q

what would happen to ldh in haemolytic anaemia?

A

increase.

36
Q

what would happen to haptoglobin in haemolytic anaemia?

A

decrease

37
Q

what would happen to bilirubin in haemolytic anaemia?

A

increase

38
Q

what is bilirubin?

A

yellow toxic substance insdie tbc that is released when cells lyse. increased bilirubin causes jaundice.

39
Q

what tests happen in haemolytic screen?

A 
LDH
Haptoglobin
bilirubin
reticulocyte testing
blood films
coombs/DAT test- antibodies.
40
Q

what are reticulocytes?

A

precursors to rbc

41
Q

how are reticulocyte levels used?

A

if problems with rbc/anaemia/blood loss/lysis occur:

  • increased reticulocyte levels mean the bone marrow is working healthily as it is producing more rbc to make up for loss.
  • decreased reticulocyte levels indicate there is an issue with bone marrow.
42
Q

what is hepcidin inhibited/induced by?

A

lipopolysaccharides and IL6

Haematology (5 decks)

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