Anaemia Flashcards
Hypochromic Microcytic blood film is seen in? (5)
Iron deficiency Sideroblastic anaemias Lead poisoning Thalassemia traits Anaemia of chronic disease
What type of anaemia is seen in folate deficiency?
Macrocytic anaemia
Most common type of anaemia in children?
Iron deficiency anaemia (microcytic)
Name 3 causes of a normocytic anaemia
Blood loss
Mixed nutritional
TEC
Most 2 common causes of microcytic anaemia?
Iron deficiency
Thalassemia/spherocytosis
Physiological anaemia occurs when in;
Term babies?
Preterm babies?
Term babies: 8-12wks
Preterm babies: 6-8wks
What decreases Iron absorption?
calcium (don’t take with BF cereal)
What increases iron absorption?
increased acid (drink orange juice 30mins prior)
What is hepcidin?
hormone which regulates iron metabolism
What are the stages of iron deficiency?
- Iron depletion (dec ferritin, N Hb + indices)
- Iron deficiency (low ferritin, low indices, N Hb)
- Iron def anaemia (low Hb)
Response after commencing oral iron?
2-5 days: increased retics
7-10 days: increased Hb
Response after commencing oral iron?
2-5 days: increased retics
7-10 days: increased Hb
Clinical findings with B12 deficiency?
Megaloblastic anaemia Neurological Cx (posterior columns, pyramidal tracts, peripheral neuropathy, depression, dementia, seizures)
Define hemolysis?
More rapid breakdown of RBC
Features of haemolytic uraemic syndrome?
Microangiopathic hemolytic anaemia
Fever
Renal impairment
Thrombocytopenia
What drugs can cause Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)?
Chemo
Clopidogrel
Cyclosporin
Quinine
Mortality with TTP?
50%
Pathological process of hereditary spherocytosis?
Deficiency in a protein responsible for cytoskeleton of RBC
Inheritance of hereditary spherocytosis?
75% AD
25% spontaneous mutations
What should you exclude if a child presents with gallstones?
Hereditary spherocytosis
G6PD inheritance?
X-linked
Age by which 90% children with sickle cell disease have functional asplenia?
6yrs
Complications of sickle cell disease?
Vascular occlusion (stroke, dactylitis, pripism) Splenic sequestration Hyper-hemolysis Infections Aplastic crisis
Pathophysiology of sickle cell disease?
Molecular (consequently structural) defect in B-globin chains, meaning cells polymerise on deoxygenation (sickle)
Leading cause of death in sickle cell disease?
Infection
Features of thalassemic facies?
Frontal bossing
Maxilla hyperplasia
Flat nasal bridge
Alpha-thal trait, how many alpha genes are deleted?
2
HbH disease means how many alpha genes are deleted?
3
What does alpha-thalassemia major cause?
Death in utero (no HbF formation)
What is Constant spring disease?
Non-deletional alpha-gene mutation
causes abnormal Hb and more severe anaemia than deletion forms of alpha-thal
Warm haemolytic anaemia is caused by?
IgG (>37 degrees)
Cold haemolytic anaemia is caused by?
IgM (<37 degrees)
What infection is associated with B-thalassemia (and why)?
Yersinia (iron overload 2 transfusions)
What congenital anomalies are associated with Fanconi’s anaemia?
Radial hypoplasia Abnormal thumbs Hyperpigmented (cafe au lait) Pancytopenia Hypogonadism
