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Haematology > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the microcytic causes of anaemia?

Hint: TAILS

A 
Thalassaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease
Iron-deficiency anaemia
Lead poisoning
Sideroblastic anaemia
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2
Q

What are the normocytic causes of anaemia?

Hint: 3As, 2Hs

A 
Acute blood loss
Anaemia of chronic disease
Aplastic anaemia/crisis
Haemolytic anaemia - spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, G6PD deficiency, autoimmune haemolytic
Hypothyroidism
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3
Q

What are the 2 causes of a megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia?

A

B12 deficiency

Folate deficiency

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4
Q

What are the 5 causes of a non-megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia?

A 
Alcohol
Reticulocytotic - haemolysis or blood loss
Hypothyroidism
Liver disease
Drugs e.g. azothioprine
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5
Q

What would expected results for serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation and TIBC levels in iron-deficiency anaemia?

A

Low iron
Low ferritin
Low transferrin saturation
High TIBC

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6
Q

What is the common antibody in pernicious anaemia?

A

Intrinsic factor

anti-gastric parietal cell antibodies less commonly

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7
Q

What anaemia are “target-cells” seen in?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

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8
Q

What anaemias are Heinz bodies seen in? (2)

A

G6PD deficiency

alpha-thalassaemia

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9
Q

What are reticulocytes? What group of anaemias are they seen in?

A

Immature RBCs

Haemolytic anaemias
Haemorrhagic (acute blood loss)

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10
Q

What are schistocytes? What anaemias are they seen in?

A

RBC fragments

Haemolytic anaemias
+ other conditions e.g. DIC, TTP, HUS

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11
Q

What anaemia are spherocytes seen in?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

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12
Q

What happens to mean corpuscular Hb concentration in hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Raised HCHC

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13
Q

What complication may occur when someone with hereditary spherocytosis gets infected with Parvovirus?

A

Aplastic crisis

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14
Q

What anaemia presents with:
A normochromic, normocytic anaemia.
Leukopenia - but lymphocytes mostly normal.
Thrombocytopenia.

A

Aplastic crisis

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15
Q

What is acute and definite management of hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Acute - support and transfuse if necessary

Definitive - folate and splenectomy

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16
Q

What patient group is affected by hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Neonates

European descent

Males and females equally affected

17
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Autosomal dominant

18
Q

What patient group is affected by G6PD deficiency?

A

Neonates

African descent

Only males (x-linked recessive)

19
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of G6PD deficiency?

A

X-linked recessive

20
Q

What anaemia are “bite” and “blister” cells seen in?

A

G6PD deficiency

21
Q

What is a specific test for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?

A

(Positive) direct antiglobulin test - aka Coombs test

22
Q

What are the antibody types in warm- and cold-type autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?

A

IgG (usually) in warm

IgM in cold

23
Q

What is the management for AIHA?

A

Transfusion - acutely

Prednisolone + rituximab (in warm-type)

Splenectomy

24
Q

What are thalassaemic patients at risk of? How is this complication managed?

A

Iron overload

Iron chelation (desferrioxamine)

25
Q

What would expected results for serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation and TIBC levels in haemachromatosis?

A

High iron
High ferritin
High transferrin saturation
Low TIBC

26
Q

How would beta-thalassaemia trait present on blood film?

A

Mild hypochromic, microcytic anaemia

27
Q

What thalassaemia demonstrates a HbA2 > 3.5%

A

Beta-thalassaemia trait and major

28
Q

Which thalassaemia would demonstrate the following:

HbA2 & HbF raised.

HbA absent.

A

Beta-thalassaemia major

29
Q

What disease presents with cranial bossing?

A

beta-thalassaemia major

30
Q

In what disease would blood film demonstrate target cells and beta-4 tetramers?

A

Alpha-thalassaemia

31
Q

What anaemia may disease or surgery of the terminal ileum precipitate?

A

B12 deficiency

32
Q

What may a beefy-red, swollen tongue indicate?

A

B12 deficiency

33
Q

What would expected results for serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation and TIBC levels in anaemic of chronic disease?

A

Low iron
High ferritin
Low transferrin saturation
Low TIBC

34
Q

There is a combined B12 and folate deficiency in a patient. Which is corrected first and why?

A

B12 first

To avoid subacute degeneration of spinal cord.

Haematology (4 decks)

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