Ana. Study Guide 1 Flashcards
Sonja's quizlet
To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward
anatomical position
includes the head, neck, and trunk
axial region
upper and lower limbs
appendicular region
divides body into left and right
sagittal plane
divides body into front and back
coronal plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
transverse plane
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
-passive
simple diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
facilitated diffusion
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
active transport
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
- ex: wbc
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
- nutrient absorption
Pinocytosis
A component of nucleic. Chemically, it is a purine base.
pairs with thymine
adenine
the nucleotide that hydrogen bonds with the nucleotide adenine in DNA.
thymine
The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA
- purine
guanine
The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA
- pyrimidine
cytosine
DNA that is densely packed around histones. The genes in heterochromatin are generally inaccessible to enzymes and are turned off.
Heterochromatin
The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.
Euchromatin
Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
prophase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
metaphase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
anaphase
After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.
Telophase
division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
avascular, not innervated
- structure allows for simple function of covering and protecting
Epethelial tissue
Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.
Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae)
simple squamous epithelium
Function: secretion and absorption
Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
simple cuboidal epithelium
Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action.
Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
simple columnar epithelium
tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.
stratified squamous epithelium
Function: protection
Location: Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.
stratified cuboidal epithelium
function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra
transitional epithelium
Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
tight junctions
(anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets
desmosomes
ions, small molecules
- cardiac and skeletal muscles
gap junctions
projections that increase the cell’s surface area
Microvilli
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
cilia
thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues
basal lamina
second most abundant cell type; found in all connective tissue proper; maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper
fibrocytes
mature cartilage cells
chondrocytes
a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.
osteocytes
unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers
ground substance
dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
dense elastic connective tissue
keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells, dendritic cells
epidermis
function in the sensation of touch
tactile epithelial cells
specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections
dendritic cells
hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails
keratin
connected via desmosomes
- produce antibiotics/ enzymes
- phys./ mech. protection
keratinocytes
function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings
- found in statrum basale
merkel cells
dense irregular tissue
- elastic, reticular, and collagen fibers
- vascular and innervated
dermis
Found in armpits, around nipples, and groin; Secrete products into hair follicles; Produce sticky, cloudy secretions; Break down and cause odors;
apocrine sweat glands
coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin
merocrine sweat glands
pale, fine body hair of children and adult females
vallus hair
Long, coarse, pigmented hair found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of males and females
terminal hair
An involuntary muscle fiber attached to the underside & base of the hair follicle
arrector pili muscle
release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion
holocrine secretion
Superficial burns through only the epidermis.
first degree burn
A burn marked by pain, blistering, and superficial destruction of dermis with edema and hyperemia of the tissues beneath the burn.
second degree burn
a burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue
third degree burn
loose connective tissue layer of skin below the dermis
- stores fat
hypodermis
a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for tanning of skin exposed to sunlight
- a a tyrosine
- found in stratum basale
melanin
yellow-orange pigment
-obtained from diet
- accumulates in stratum corneum
carotene
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen
hemoglobin
begins when a precursor molecule is exposed to ultraviolet light in the skin
- 7- dehydrocholesterol turns to cholecalciferol (D3) plus dietary intake into liver turns into 25-hydroxyvitamin d3 into kidney in order to maintain calcium balance
Vitamin D production
The most serious form of skin cancer
- easily metastasizes
melanoma
Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules.
basal cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis
squamous cell carcinoma
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
articular cartilage
connects ribs to sternum
costal cartilage
Dense irregular connective tissue membrane covering cartilage
perichondrium
cartilage forming cells
Chondroblasts
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
lacuna
Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose
hyaline cartilage
cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage
-external ear, epiglottis
elastic cartilage
cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord
- pubic synth
fibrocartilage
growth in width
appositional growth
growth in length
interstitial growth
Cartilage tissue in which inorganic calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, which occurs prior to replacement by osseous tissue, and sometimes in aging cartilage.
calcified cartilage
support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, metabolism
bone functions
femur
long bone
carpals and tarsals
short bone
thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs
flat bone
bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces
irregular bone
Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.
spongy bone
Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
compact bone
shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
ends of long bone
epiphyses
the center of the shaft of the long bone
medullary canal
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
Periosteum
functional unit of compact bone
osteon
one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
Haversian canal
mature bone cell
osteocyte
Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
canaliculi
Concentric rings made up of groups of hollow tubes of bone matrix
Lamellae
formation of bone
2nd m thru early adulthood
osteogenesis
bone develops from a fibrous membrane
1. ossification center appears
2. osteoid appear and are calcified
3. periosteum forms and eventually lamellar bone replaces the woven bone
- occurs in skull and clavicle
intramembranous ossification
- initiates in embryo from hyaline cartilage
- cartilage signaled to calcify, chondrocytes die, leaving cavities behind
- nutrient vein and artery innervate to form bone marry and contains osteogenic stem cells to begin ossification (periosteal bud)
- the bone stretches out and cont. to ossify, except for epiphyseal plate
- this cont. until early adulthood once growth plates calcified
endochondreal ossification
A vascular connective tissue bud from the perichondrium that enters the cartilage of a developing long bone and contributes to the formation of a center for ossification.
periosteal bud
Plates which allow for growth of long bone during childhood
epiphyseal plates
hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones
growth hormone
modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper proportions
thyroid hormone
hormones that regulate the development and functioning of reproductive organs and that stimulate the devolopment of male and female sexual characteristics
sex hormones
The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption and osteoclast activity, and later, reactive bone formation by osteoblast activity.
bone remodeling
Osteosarcoma
bone cancer
Vitamin D deficiency in children
rickets
abnormal softening of bones in adults
osteomalacia
Light spongy bone between the eye sockets; forms part of the nasal cavities
- middle nasal concha
- perpendicular plate
ethmoid bone
the middle thin, spongy, bony plate with curved margins, part of the ethmoidal labyrinth, projecting from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and separating the superior meatus from the middle meatus;
middle nasal concha
forms superior part of nasal septum
perpendicular plate
- greater wings
- lesser wings
- pterygoid provess
- sella turcica
- hypophyseal fossa
sphenoid bone
Process of the sphenoid bone, consisting of two plates
- help close jaw in chewing
- attachment for pterygoid muscles
pterygoid process
houses the pituitary gland
hypophyseal fossa
Lighten skull bones, alter sound as we speak, keep damp
1. frontal
2. maxillary
3. ethmoid
4. sphenoid
parasinal sinuses
a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue
hyoid bone
fibrocartilage pads that separate and cushion the vertebrae
intervertebral discs
C1-C7
- smaller
cervical vertebrae
atlas
- flexion/ extension
C1
axis
- pivot for the atlas
C2
only found in the cervical vertebrae and allow passage of the vertabral artery, vein, and nerve
transverse foramen
vertebra prominens—prominent spinous process
C7
the second set of 12 vertebrae; form the outward curve of the spine and are known as T1 through T12
- spinous process pints more inferiorly
- transverse costal facets
thoracic vertebrae
L1-L5 lower back
- lateral flexion
lumbar vertebrae
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.
kyphosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
lordosis
clavicle and scapula
pectoral girdle
flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and fibula
interosseous membrane
Inner and longer bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.
ulna
ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx
pelvic girdle
subpubic angle differentiates bw male and female
pubis
80-90 degrees
female pubic angle
more acute (50-60 degrees)
male pubic angle
The highest of the three arches of the foot; composed of the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and the first three metatarsals.
medial longitudinal arch
Arch extending from the heel to the little toe
- cuboid bone
- slightly raise lateral edge
lateral longitudinal arch
an arch which crosses from one side of the nave to the other side at a 90 degree angle
transverse arch
immovable joints
synarthroses
slightly movable joints
amphiarthroses
freely movable joints
diarthroses
immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull
- synarthroses
suture joint
bone held together by ligament
- amphiarthrosis
Syndemoses (Fibrous Joint)
attachment of a tooth to its socket by periodontal ligament
- synarthroses
Gomphoses
- synchondrosis
- symphysis
cartilaginous joints
an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage, as in the vertebrae.
- synarthrosis
- hyaline cartilage uniting bone
synchondrosis
fibrocartilage unites bone
- pubic symphysis
- absorb shock and reduce tension
- amphiarthrosis
symphysis
bone ends covered with articular cartilage, diarthroses
- most common, freely moveable
synovial joints
annular ligament, radial collateral ligament, articular capsule, intercarpal joints, ball and socket joint, meniscus
characteristics of synovial joints
Connects the head of the radius to the ulna
annular ligament
connects the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the radius
radial collateral ligament
Fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint
articular capsule
Connects one carpal bone to another
intercarpal joint
hip and shoulder joints
ball and socket joint
eases tension and weight of body coming from femur onto tibia
- shock absorption
meniscus
painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints
arthritis
A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities
rheumatoid arthritis
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
gout
degenerative joint disease
Osteoarthritis
intercarpal joints
-nonaxial
plane joint
elbow, uniaxial
hinge joint
rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus
- uniaxial
pivot joint
a shallow ball-and-socket joint with limited mobility, wrist joints
- biaxial
condylar joint
type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation
- thumb
- biaxial
saddle joint
shoulder and hip
- multiaxial
ball and socket
