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Human Anatomy > Ana. Study Guide 1 > Flashcards

Ana. Study Guide 1 Flashcards

Sonja's quizlet

1
Q

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

A

anatomical position

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2
Q

includes the head, neck, and trunk

A

axial region

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3
Q

upper and lower limbs

A

appendicular region

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4
Q

divides body into left and right

A

sagittal plane

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5
Q

divides body into front and back

A

coronal plane

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6
Q

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

A

transverse plane

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7
Q

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
-passive

A

simple diffusion

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8
Q

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

A

facilitated diffusion

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9
Q

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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10
Q

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

A

active transport

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11
Q

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
- ex: wbc

A

Phagocytosis

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12
Q

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
- nutrient absorption

A

Pinocytosis

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13
Q

A component of nucleic. Chemically, it is a purine base.
pairs with thymine

A

adenine

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14
Q

the nucleotide that hydrogen bonds with the nucleotide adenine in DNA.

A

thymine

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15
Q

The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA
- purine

A

guanine

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16
Q

The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA
- pyrimidine

A

cytosine

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17
Q

DNA that is densely packed around histones. The genes in heterochromatin are generally inaccessible to enzymes and are turned off.

A

Heterochromatin

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18
Q

The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.

A

Euchromatin

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19
Q

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

A

prophase

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20
Q

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

A

metaphase

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21
Q

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

A

anaphase

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22
Q

After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

A

Telophase

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23
Q

division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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24
Q

avascular, not innervated
- structure allows for simple function of covering and protecting

A

Epethelial tissue

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25
Q

Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae)

A

simple squamous epithelium

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26
Q

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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27
Q

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action.

Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

A

simple columnar epithelium

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28
Q

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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29
Q

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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30
Q

Function: protection

Location: Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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31
Q

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

A

transitional epithelium

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32
Q

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

A

tight junctions

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33
Q

(anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets

A

desmosomes

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34
Q

ions, small molecules
- cardiac and skeletal muscles

A

gap junctions

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35
Q

projections that increase the cell’s surface area

A

Microvilli

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36
Q

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

A

cilia

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37
Q

thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues

A

basal lamina

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38
Q

second most abundant cell type; found in all connective tissue proper; maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper

A

fibrocytes

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39
Q

mature cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

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40
Q

a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.

A

osteocytes

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41
Q

unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers

A

ground substance

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42
Q

dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

A

dense elastic connective tissue

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43
Q

keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells, dendritic cells

A

epidermis

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44
Q

function in the sensation of touch

A

tactile epithelial cells

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45
Q

specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections

A

dendritic cells

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46
Q

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

A

keratin

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47
Q

connected via desmosomes
- produce antibiotics/ enzymes
- phys./ mech. protection

A

keratinocytes

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48
Q

function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings
- found in statrum basale

A

merkel cells

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49
Q

dense irregular tissue
- elastic, reticular, and collagen fibers
- vascular and innervated

A

dermis

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50
Q

Found in armpits, around nipples, and groin; Secrete products into hair follicles; Produce sticky, cloudy secretions; Break down and cause odors;

A

apocrine sweat glands

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51
Q

coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin

A

merocrine sweat glands

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52
Q

pale, fine body hair of children and adult females

A

vallus hair

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53
Q

Long, coarse, pigmented hair found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of males and females

A

terminal hair

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54
Q

An involuntary muscle fiber attached to the underside & base of the hair follicle

A

arrector pili muscle

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55
Q

release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion

A

holocrine secretion

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56
Q

Superficial burns through only the epidermis.

A

first degree burn

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57
Q

A burn marked by pain, blistering, and superficial destruction of dermis with edema and hyperemia of the tissues beneath the burn.

A

second degree burn

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58
Q

a burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue

A

third degree burn

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59
Q

loose connective tissue layer of skin below the dermis
- stores fat

A

hypodermis

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60
Q

a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for tanning of skin exposed to sunlight
- a a tyrosine
- found in stratum basale

A

melanin

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61
Q

yellow-orange pigment
-obtained from diet
- accumulates in stratum corneum

A

carotene

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62
Q

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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63
Q

begins when a precursor molecule is exposed to ultraviolet light in the skin
- 7- dehydrocholesterol turns to cholecalciferol (D3) plus dietary intake into liver turns into 25-hydroxyvitamin d3 into kidney in order to maintain calcium balance

A

Vitamin D production

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64
Q

The most serious form of skin cancer
- easily metastasizes

A

melanoma

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65
Q

Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules.

A

basal cell carcinoma

66
Q

malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis

A

squamous cell carcinoma

67
Q

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

A

articular cartilage

68
Q

connects ribs to sternum

A

costal cartilage

69
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue membrane covering cartilage

A

perichondrium

70
Q

cartilage forming cells

A

Chondroblasts

71
Q

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

A

lacuna

72
Q

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

A

hyaline cartilage

73
Q

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage
-external ear, epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

74
Q

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord
- pubic synth

A

fibrocartilage

75
Q

growth in width

A

appositional growth

76
Q

growth in length

A

interstitial growth

77
Q

Cartilage tissue in which inorganic calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, which occurs prior to replacement by osseous tissue, and sometimes in aging cartilage.

A

calcified cartilage

78
Q

support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, metabolism

A

bone functions

79
Q

femur

A

long bone

80
Q

carpals and tarsals

A

short bone

81
Q

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs

A

flat bone

82
Q

bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces

A

irregular bone

83
Q

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

A

spongy bone

84
Q

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

A

compact bone

85
Q

shaft of a long bone

A

diaphysis

86
Q

ends of long bone

A

epiphyses

87
Q

the center of the shaft of the long bone

A

medullary canal

88
Q

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

A

Periosteum

89
Q

functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon

90
Q

one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Haversian canal

91
Q

mature bone cell

A

osteocyte

92
Q

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

A

canaliculi

93
Q

Concentric rings made up of groups of hollow tubes of bone matrix

A

Lamellae

94
Q

formation of bone
2nd m thru early adulthood

A

osteogenesis

95
Q

bone develops from a fibrous membrane
1. ossification center appears
2. osteoid appear and are calcified
3. periosteum forms and eventually lamellar bone replaces the woven bone
- occurs in skull and clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification

96
Q
  1. initiates in embryo from hyaline cartilage
  2. cartilage signaled to calcify, chondrocytes die, leaving cavities behind
  3. nutrient vein and artery innervate to form bone marry and contains osteogenic stem cells to begin ossification (periosteal bud)
  4. the bone stretches out and cont. to ossify, except for epiphyseal plate
    - this cont. until early adulthood once growth plates calcified
A

endochondreal ossification

97
Q

A vascular connective tissue bud from the perichondrium that enters the cartilage of a developing long bone and contributes to the formation of a center for ossification.

A

periosteal bud

98
Q

Plates which allow for growth of long bone during childhood

A

epiphyseal plates

99
Q

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones

A

growth hormone

100
Q

modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper proportions

A

thyroid hormone

101
Q

hormones that regulate the development and functioning of reproductive organs and that stimulate the devolopment of male and female sexual characteristics

A

sex hormones

102
Q

The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption and osteoclast activity, and later, reactive bone formation by osteoblast activity.

A

bone remodeling

103
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

bone cancer

104
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in children

A

rickets

105
Q

abnormal softening of bones in adults

A

osteomalacia

106
Q

Light spongy bone between the eye sockets; forms part of the nasal cavities
- middle nasal concha
- perpendicular plate

A

ethmoid bone

107
Q

the middle thin, spongy, bony plate with curved margins, part of the ethmoidal labyrinth, projecting from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and separating the superior meatus from the middle meatus;

A

middle nasal concha

108
Q

forms superior part of nasal septum

A

perpendicular plate

109
Q
  • greater wings
  • lesser wings
  • pterygoid provess
  • sella turcica
  • hypophyseal fossa
A

sphenoid bone

110
Q

Process of the sphenoid bone, consisting of two plates
- help close jaw in chewing
- attachment for pterygoid muscles

A

pterygoid process

111
Q

houses the pituitary gland

A

hypophyseal fossa

112
Q

Lighten skull bones, alter sound as we speak, keep damp
1. frontal
2. maxillary
3. ethmoid
4. sphenoid

A

parasinal sinuses

113
Q

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue

A

hyoid bone

114
Q

fibrocartilage pads that separate and cushion the vertebrae

A

intervertebral discs

115
Q

C1-C7
- smaller

A

cervical vertebrae

116
Q

atlas
- flexion/ extension

A

C1

117
Q

axis
- pivot for the atlas

A

C2

118
Q

only found in the cervical vertebrae and allow passage of the vertabral artery, vein, and nerve

A

transverse foramen

119
Q

vertebra prominens—prominent spinous process

A

C7

120
Q

the second set of 12 vertebrae; form the outward curve of the spine and are known as T1 through T12
- spinous process pints more inferiorly
- transverse costal facets

A

thoracic vertebrae

121
Q

L1-L5 lower back
- lateral flexion

A

lumbar vertebrae

122
Q

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

A

scoliosis

123
Q

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.

A

kyphosis

124
Q

abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

A

lordosis

125
Q

clavicle and scapula

A

pectoral girdle

126
Q

flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and fibula

A

interosseous membrane

127
Q

Inner and longer bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.

A

ulna

128
Q

ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx

A

pelvic girdle

129
Q

subpubic angle differentiates bw male and female

A

pubis

130
Q

80-90 degrees

A

female pubic angle

131
Q

more acute (50-60 degrees)

A

male pubic angle

132
Q

The highest of the three arches of the foot; composed of the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and the first three metatarsals.

A

medial longitudinal arch

133
Q

Arch extending from the heel to the little toe
- cuboid bone
- slightly raise lateral edge

A

lateral longitudinal arch

134
Q

an arch which crosses from one side of the nave to the other side at a 90 degree angle

A

transverse arch

135
Q

immovable joints

A

synarthroses

136
Q

slightly movable joints

A

amphiarthroses

137
Q

freely movable joints

A

diarthroses

138
Q

immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull
- synarthroses

A

suture joint

139
Q

bone held together by ligament
- amphiarthrosis

A

Syndemoses (Fibrous Joint)

140
Q

attachment of a tooth to its socket by periodontal ligament
- synarthroses

A

Gomphoses

141
Q
  1. synchondrosis
  2. symphysis
A

cartilaginous joints

142
Q

an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage, as in the vertebrae.
- synarthrosis
- hyaline cartilage uniting bone

A

synchondrosis

143
Q

fibrocartilage unites bone
- pubic symphysis
- absorb shock and reduce tension
- amphiarthrosis

A

symphysis

144
Q

bone ends covered with articular cartilage, diarthroses
- most common, freely moveable

A

synovial joints

145
Q

annular ligament, radial collateral ligament, articular capsule, intercarpal joints, ball and socket joint, meniscus

A

characteristics of synovial joints

146
Q

Connects the head of the radius to the ulna

A

annular ligament

147
Q

connects the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the radius

A

radial collateral ligament

148
Q

Fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint

A

articular capsule

149
Q

Connects one carpal bone to another

A

intercarpal joint

150
Q

hip and shoulder joints

A

ball and socket joint

151
Q

eases tension and weight of body coming from femur onto tibia
- shock absorption

A

meniscus

152
Q

painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints

A

arthritis

153
Q

A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities

A

rheumatoid arthritis

154
Q

Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint

A

gout

155
Q

degenerative joint disease

A

Osteoarthritis

156
Q

intercarpal joints
-nonaxial

A

plane joint

157
Q

elbow, uniaxial

A

hinge joint

158
Q

rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus
- uniaxial

A

pivot joint

159
Q

a shallow ball-and-socket joint with limited mobility, wrist joints
- biaxial

A

condylar joint

160
Q

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation
- thumb
- biaxial

A

saddle joint

161
Q

shoulder and hip
- multiaxial

A

ball and socket

Human Anatomy (3 decks)

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