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Human Anatomy > Ana. Lecture Exam 1 (chap 1-6) > Flashcards

Ana. Lecture Exam 1 (chap 1-6) Flashcards

Hannah's quizlet

1
Q

oxidase enzymes that neutralize free radicals,
break down toxins, long-chain fatty acids

A

peroxisome

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2
Q

molecules in solution move down conc. gradient
- small, uncharged molecules like oxygen, CO2, fat-soluble molecules

A

simple diffusion

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3
Q

diffusion of water molecules across membrane

A

osmosis

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4
Q

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through integral protein channels
- charged molecules such as glucose, amino acids, and ions

A

facilitated diffusion

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5
Q

Adenine and Guanine
-form a double hydrogen bond

A

purines

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6
Q

thymine and cytosine
-form triple hydrogen bond

A

pyramidines

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7
Q

pyrimidine that only in DNA, replaced by uracil on RNA

A

thymine

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8
Q

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions,
DNA replication

A

interphase

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9
Q

dna in the nucleus into rna
1. dna unwound
2. rna polymerase trascribes DNA into mRNA
3. mrna exits via nuclear pores

A

transcription

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10
Q

reading dna to form amino acids and then proteins
1. mrna attaches to ribosomes
2. trna carries amino acis its anticodons pairs up with mrna codons
3. stops when ribosome hits a stop codon

A

translation

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11
Q

transcribed and replicated

A

euchromatin

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12
Q

proteins rapidly being produced and growing

A

G1 phase

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13
Q

dna replicates itself

A

s phase

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14
Q

cell ready to divide

A

g2 phase

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15
Q

cells divide (PMAT-C)

A

m (mitotic) phase

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16
Q

protein synthesis,
dna replication

A

interphase

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17
Q

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

A

prophase

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18
Q

sister chomatids line up along the metaphase plate
- spindle fibers attach to the centromere

A

metaphase

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19
Q

chromosomes break at centromeres, and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell

A

anaphase

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20
Q

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

A

telophase

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21
Q

cleavage furrow forms, cell pinches apart
- diploid cells

A

cytokinesis

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22
Q

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

A

Diploid cells

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23
Q

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

A

body classification system

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24
Q

noncellular, adhesive supporting sheet consisting largely of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells

A

basal lamina

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25
Q

cover exposed surfaces and line internal cavities and passageways; often contain secretory cells, or gland cells scattered among the other cell types

A

covering epithelium

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26
Q

Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances.

A

glandular epithelium

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27
Q

secrete onto external surfaces or into internal passageways that connect to the exterior

A

exocrine glands

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28
Q

secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

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29
Q

protection, secretion, absorption, diffusion, filtration, sensory reception

A

ET tissue functions

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30
Q

cellularity, connected by cell junctions, polarity (apical surface and a basal membrane), underlying connective tissue, avascular, innervated, easily regenerated

A

ET characteristics

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31
Q

allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection isn’t important
- produces lubricant
- alveoli

A

simple squamous epithelium

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32
Q

secretion and absorption
- kidney tubules

A

simple columnar epithelium

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33
Q

absorption, secretion of mucus/ enzymes, ciliated to propel mucus or reproductive cells

A

simple columnar epithelium

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34
Q

secretion, (mucus), propulsion of mucus by cilliary action
-trachea

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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35
Q

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
- skin (keratin)

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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36
Q

protection
- sweat glands, salivary glands

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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37
Q

protection, secretion
- urethra

A

stratified columnar epithelium

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38
Q

stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

A

transitional epithelium

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39
Q

goblet cells
- produce mucin

A

unicellular exocrine glands

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40
Q

tight functions are fairly impermeable
- desmosomes: mechanical stress

A

cell junctions

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41
Q

ions, small molecules
- cardiac and skeletal muscles

A

gap junctions

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42
Q

produce extracellular matrix. ground substance

A

fibroblasts

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43
Q

proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans

A

ground substance

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44
Q

wraps and cushions organs
- aids inflammation
- collagen, reticular and elastic fibers
- most widespread

A

loose areolar ct proper

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45
Q

reserve food fuel, prevent heat loss, supports/ protects organs
- very vascular
- high metabolic activity

A

loose connective adipose ct proper

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46
Q

fibers form soft internal skeleton that support other cell types
- spleen

A

loose connective reticular ct proper

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47
Q

attaches muscle to bones or muscles, bones to bones
- withstand tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

A

dense ct proper

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48
Q

withstands multidirectional tension - structural strength

A

Dense Irregular CT

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49
Q

allows recoil of tissue following stretching; walls of large arteries

A

dense elastic

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50
Q

supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress
- costal cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

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51
Q

maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
- ear and epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

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52
Q

tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
- knee joint

A

Fibrocartilage

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53
Q

voluntary, striated, multi-nuclei

A

skeletal muscle

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54
Q

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

A

dendrites

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55
Q

a part of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body

A

axons

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56
Q

cells that support and protect neurons

A

neuroglia

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57
Q

skin

A

cutaneous membrane

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58
Q

Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.

A

mucous membrane

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59
Q

thin double layered membrane

A

serosa membrane

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60
Q

largest organ

A

skin

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61
Q

Keratnized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

epidermis

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62
Q

The most abundant epidermal cells, they produce keratin,
- cont mitosis at bottom layer
- produce antibiotics/ enzymes

A

Keratinocytes

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63
Q

Location—basal layer; attached to sensory nerve endings

A

tactile epithelial cells

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64
Q

specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections
- star shaped
- receptor mediated endocytosis

A

dendritic cells

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65
Q

make melanin
- protect keratinocytes

A

melanocytes

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66
Q

single row of cells, mostly keratinocytes
- multiple nuclei
- melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells, dendritic cells

A

stratum basale

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67
Q

keratinocytes connected via desmosomes
- pre keratin
- lots of dendritic cells

A

startum spinosum

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68
Q

keratohyalin granuloctyes and lamellar granules
- help form keratin
LG- waterproofing

A

stratum granulosum

69
Q

flat dead keratinocytes, only found in thicker skin
-palms
-soles of feet

A

startum lucidum

70
Q

dead keratinocytes

A

stratum corneum

71
Q

loose areolar CT
- dermal papillae
- dermal ridges
- collagen/ elastic fibers

A

papillary dermis

72
Q

a fingerlike projection - increases surface area
- extend into overlying epidermis

A

dermal papillae

73
Q

elevate overlying epidermis into epidermal ridges
- palms on hands and feet in large mounds

A

dermal ridges

74
Q

dense irregular connective tissue
- elastic and collagen fibers
- primarily collagen fibers
- cleavage line

A

reticular dermis

75
Q

vascular and innervated
- glands and hair follicles
- flexure lines
- dermal and subpapillary plexus

A

reticular dermis

76
Q

located between the hypodermis and the dermis; nourishes the hypodermis and the structures located within the deeper portions of the dermis

A

dermal plexus

77
Q

just below dermal papillae, nourishes superficial dermal structures, dermal papillae, and deep epidermis, also aids in temperature regulation. Dermal BV hold 5% of blood in body.

A

subpapillary plexus

78
Q

dermal folds that occur at or near joints, where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures

A

flexure lines

79
Q

not technically apart of integumentary system
- superficial fascia/ subq layer
- loose areolar and adipose ct
- anchors skin to muscles

A

hypodermis

80
Q

amino acid tyrosine and carotene (yellow- orange pigment accumulates in corneum), and hemoglobin
- stratum basale

A

melanin

81
Q

Vitamin D3

A

Cholecalciferol

82
Q

part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe

A

free edge

83
Q

hard part of the nail

A

nail plate

84
Q

the part that is embedded in the skin and adheres to an epithelial nail bed

A

root

85
Q

Portion of the living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward the free edge.

A

nail bed

86
Q

responsible for nail growth

A

nail matrix

87
Q

an opaque white crescent at proximal end of nail

A

lunule

88
Q

cuticle

A

eponychium

89
Q

the sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers

A

hair follicles

90
Q

Lowest part of a hair strand; the thickened, club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root.

A

hair bulb

91
Q

actively dividing area of the hair bulb that produces the hair

A

hair matrix

92
Q

oil, alveolar glands
- act by androgens

A

sebaceous glands

93
Q

destroys the gland cell

A

Holcrine Secretion

94
Q

palms, soles and forehead
- simple tubular gland
- pores

A

eccrine sweat

95
Q

axillary, anal, genital
- body odor
- pheromones

A

apocrine sweat glands

96
Q

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
- avascular / nerves

A

articular cartilage

97
Q

connects ribs to sternum
- avascular / nerves

A

costal cartilage

98
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue membrane covering cartilage

A

perichondrium

99
Q

cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

100
Q

mall cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

A

lacuna

101
Q

chondrocytes and extracellular matrix (ground substance and fiber)

A

cartilage

102
Q

collagen and ground substance
- resistance
- most common

A

hyaline cartilage

103
Q

elastin and collagen

A

elastic cartilage

104
Q

resists compression; prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits movement
- structural intermediate bw hyaline cartilage and dense regular ct

A

fibrocartilage

105
Q

increase in bone thickness

A

appositional growth

106
Q

growth in length

A

interstitial growth

107
Q

create bone cells

A

otseogenic cells

108
Q

bone forming cells

A

osteoblasts

109
Q

unmineralized bone matrix

A

osteoid

110
Q

mature bone cells

A

osteocytes

111
Q

Bone-destroying cells

A

osteoclasts

112
Q

Cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone

A

osteons

113
Q

bones of the arms and legs

A

long bones

114
Q

bones of the wrist and ankles

A

short bones

115
Q

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

A

flat bones

116
Q

bones of the vertebrae and face

A

irregular bones

117
Q

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

A

trabeculae

118
Q

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

A

compact bone

119
Q

shaft of a long bone

A

diaphysis

120
Q

ends of long bone

A

Epiphses

121
Q

remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones

A

epiphyseal line

122
Q

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

A

medullary cavity

123
Q

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints

A

periosteum

124
Q

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

A

endosteum

125
Q

formation of bone

A

osteogenesis

126
Q

process of bone formation

A

ossification

127
Q

Creation of bone from the periosteum
- skull and clavicle
- osteoblasts to osteoid to osteocytes
- woven bone tissue
- end= flat bone

A

intramembrane ossification

128
Q

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
- increase in length and width
- 2nd month for development thru early adulthood

A

endochondral ossification

129
Q

Area of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate that is relatively inactive

A

resting zone

130
Q

cartilage cells undergo mitosis

A

proliferation zone

131
Q

older cartilage cells enlarge

A

hypertrophic zone

132
Q

Surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies, chondrocytes die and deteriorate

A

calcification zone

133
Q

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones

A

growth hormone

134
Q

modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper proportions

A

thyroid hormone

135
Q

the process by which the surface of bone is broken down by osteoclasts
- phagocytosis
- HCL secretion

A

resorption

136
Q

osteoblasts

A

deposition

137
Q

increases blood calcium levels
-act. vitamin D

A

parathyroid hormone

138
Q

bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin

A

simple fracture

139
Q

bone breaks through the skin

A

compund fracture

140
Q

bone breaks into many fragments

A

comminuted

141
Q

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

A

spiral fracture

142
Q

bone is crushed

A

compression fracture

143
Q

broken bone portion is pressed inward

A

depressed fracture

144
Q

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

A

greenstick fracture

145
Q

thinner than average bone density

A

osteopenia

146
Q

A condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily.

A

osteoporosis

147
Q

softening of the bone

A

osteomalacia

148
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

rickets

149
Q

malignant tumor of the bone

A

osteosarcoma

150
Q

the portion of the skull that encloses the brain

A

cranium

151
Q

the bones that encase and protect the brain, including the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

A

cranial vault

152
Q

bump on back of head

A

external occipital protuberance

153
Q

an incomplete supraorbital foramen

A

supraorbital notch

154
Q

runs horizontally from external occipital protuberance

A

superior nuchal line

155
Q

forms superior part of nasal septum

A

perpendicular plate

156
Q

part of ethmoid bone

A

superior conchae

157
Q

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue

A

hyoid bone

158
Q

C1-C7

A

cervical vertebrae

159
Q

T1-T12
- spinous process points more inferiorly
- transverse costal facets

A

thoracic vertebrae

160
Q

L1-L5
- lateral flexion
-carry all upper body weight

A

lumbar vertebrae

161
Q

5 fused vertebrae

A

sacrum

162
Q

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

A

coccyx

163
Q

the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus

A

cleft palate

164
Q

narrowing of the spinal canal
- aging, arthritis

A

lumbar stenosis

165
Q

lateral curvature of the spine
- greater than 10 degrees

A

scoliosis

166
Q

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.

A

kyphosis

167
Q

swayback

A

lordosis

168
Q

soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn

A

fontanelles

Human Anatomy (3 decks)

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