An Introduction: Topic 1

Question 1

What are two types of congenital heart disease in kids?

Answer 1

Acquired vs. Congenital

Question 2

What are two types of environmentally acquired heart diseases in kids?

Answer 2

Kawasaki’s disease

Rheumatic heart disease

Question 3

What is the prevalence of acquired congenital heart disease?

Answer 3

1-4 : 1000

Question 4

What type of heart disease is a birth defect?

Answer 4

Congenital; structural in nature, pulmonary blood flow related (Qp)

Question 5

What is the prevalence of congenital heart disease?

Answer 5

1:100 - 150

Question 6

What is the #1 birth defect?

Answer 6

Congenital heart defects

Question 7

How many babies born in the US each year with a congenital heart defect? 1 out of how many births?

Answer 7

25,000

1 out of 115-150 births

Question 8

HR/RR in Newborns to 1 y/o

Answer 8

HR= 140
RR= 40

Question 9

HR/RR in 1 to 4 y/o

Answer 9

HR=120

RR=30

Question 10

HR/RR in 4 to 12 y/o

Answer 10

HR=100

RR=20

Question 11

HR/RR in >12 y/o

Answer 11

HR= 80

RR=15

Question 12

What are pediatric patients prone to?

Answer 12

Intracranial bleeds because vasculature may not be developed

Question 13

Surgeon’s tolerance for pressures in peds is more toward what pressure?

Answer 13

40 mmHG, not many will let you go higher than this

Question 14

What are the two ways calcium values are reported?

Answer 14

Ionized - not bound to protein, free calcium

Serum (total) - bound to proteins

Question 15

What type of calcium is more relevant?

Answer 15

Ionized (available to be used)

Question 16

Ionized Calcium Normal Values

Answer 16

Conventional: 4.5 - 5.6 mg/dL
SI units: Kidlets: 1.10-1.35 mmol/L
SI units: Adults: 1.11-1.3 mmol/L

Question 17

Total (serum) Calcium Normal Values

Answer 17

Conventional: 8.5 - 10.3 mg/dL

SI Units: 2.12 - 2.57 mmol/L (kids)

Question 18

How is the plasma (serum,total) calcium concentration usually reported in the US? What are other ways?

Answer 18

mg/dL
Other countries: mmol/L
Some labs: mEq/L

Question 19

How to convert from mmol/L to mg/dl?

Answer 19

mmol/L= [mg/dL x 10] / mol wt

Question 20

How to convert from mEq/L to mmol/L?

Answer 20

mEq/L= mmol/L x valence electrons

Question 21

Molecular weight of Calcium

Answer 21

40.078

Question 22

Which normal values are very important in pediatrics?

Answer 22

Mixed Venous Blood Gases

Question 23

Calcium Normal Value (mEq/L)

Answer 23

8.5- 10.5 mEq/L