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Principles Of Biology > An Introduction to Life on Earth (Lecture 1) > Flashcards

An Introduction to Life on Earth (Lecture 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

How can biology be studied at many different levels ?

A

Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
populations
Organisms
organs
tissues
cells
organelles
molecules
atoms

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2
Q

Biosphere

A

(Tallest level)

The biosphere refers to the global sum of all ecosystems on Earth. It encompasses all living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment

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3
Q

Ecosystems

A

Ecosystems are smaller, self-contained units within the biosphere where living organisms interact with each other and their physical environment.

It includes both biotic components (living organisms) and abiotic components (non-living factors like temperature, water, sunlight, soil, etc.).

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4
Q

What is the difference between the biosphere and ecosystems?

A

the biosphere refers to the entire global system that supports life, while ecosystems are specific functional units within the biosphere where interactions between living organisms and their environment occur.

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5
Q

communities

A

A community is a group of interacting organisms that live in the same habitat or ecosystem. These organisms can be of different species but exist together and interact within the same environment.

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6
Q

populations

A

A population refers to a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and can interbreed.

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7
Q

organisms

A

An organism is a single living entity, such as a plant, animal, bacterium, or fungus. Organisms are the fundamental units of life, and each organism carries out essential life processes like growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

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8
Q

organ systems and organs

A

Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions within an organism.

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9
Q

Tissues

A

Tissues are groups of cells with similar structures and functions.

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10
Q

Cells

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms. They are the smallest entities that can perform all the processes necessary for life

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11
Q

Organelles

A

subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cel

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12
Q

Molecules and atoms

A

Molecules are formed when atoms of different elements combine together. Atoms are the smallest units of matter

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13
Q

What is biology

A

Bio:the life
ology: study of”the study of life”

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14
Q

what is life?

A

Life is the quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms

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15
Q

what are the properties of life?

A

organization
regulation
growth and development energy utilization
response to stimuli
reproduction
evolution

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16
Q

Organization: All living things are both_____ and ______

A

complex and organized

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17
Q

name an example of a living thing

A

paramecium (living) is both complex and organized

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18
Q

name two examples of non-living things

A

ocean water bc it is complex and disorganized

NaCI is organized, but has a simple structure

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19
Q

Regulation: Homeostasis

A

The ability of a body or a cell to maintain the stability of its internal environment when dealing with external changes (sweat, shivering and etc.)

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20
Q

How do living things grow and develop (2 ways)

A

increase in the size of cells and the number of cells or both

our genetic info controls patterns and growth and development

21
Q

How do Kangaroo rats maintain homeostasis

A

they don’t drink any water at all. They simply maintain their homeostasis by the food that they eat

22
Q

how do lizards maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes?

A

by changing their body shape or moving towards the sunlight or hide under a rock to regulate their temperature

23
Q

how do tuna’s regulate?

A

Tuna’s are warmblooded, so this means they can maintain their body temperature higher than that of the surrounding water. This adaptation enables them to be more active in cooler waters than many other fish.

24
Q

How do plants and some singled-celled organisms acquire and use materials and energy?

A

Capture the sun’s energy and store it in sugar molecules through the process of photosynthesis

25
Q

how do animals acquire energy and material?

A

Consume energy-rich molecules contained in the bodies of other organisms

26
Q

Light from the ____ provides the energy to support almost all life on earth

A

Sun

27
Q

explain the basic food chain of a plant, a herbivore, a first carnivore, and a second carnivore:

A

Plant: The plant, like a tree, makes its own food using sunlight, water, and air through a process called photosynthesis.

Herbivore: An animal like a rabbit eats the plant. It gets energy and nutrients from the plant.

First Carnivore: A predator like a fox eats the herbivore (rabbit). It gets energy by consuming the herbivore.

Second Carnivore: Another predator, like an eagle, eats the first carnivore (fox). It gains energy from eating the carnivore.

28
Q

how do Deep sea hydrothermal vents acquire energy and material

A

Deep sea hydrothermal vents acquire energy through a process called chemosynthesis. Bacteria at the vents use chemicals from hot water to create energy-rich molecules without sunlight. Other organisms then rely on these bacteria for food.

29
Q

what is the main source of energy

A

sun

30
Q

How do living things respond to stimuli

A

changes in internal environment:
temperature
water
blood sugar

changes in external environment:
light
sound
chemicals
touch

31
Q

How do living things reproduce?

A

by DNA..the blueprint that is passed off

32
Q

how do single celled organism reproduce?

A

By splitting in half

33
Q

Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction is when one parent makes a copy of itself to create new offspring. This method doesn’t involve combining genetic material from two parents. Examples include binary fission in bacteria or a plant growing from a piece of its parent.

Sexual reproduction happens when two parents contribute their genetic material to create new offspring. This involves special cells called eggs and sperm

34
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do we have

A

Humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.

35
Q

what are protein-coding genes and how many is estimated in our DNA?

A

Protein-coding genes are specific segments of DNA that provide the instructions for making proteins

20,000-25,000

36
Q

what is evolution?

A

Evolution is the process that leads to changes in populations over extended time spans.

37
Q

Factors in Evolution

A

Mutations (changes in changes in the DNA sequence of an organism’s genome.) and alterations in DNA of a population are key contributors to evolutionary changes.

38
Q

Diversity and Traits

A

Evolution explains the wide variety of life forms on Earth and also the shared features among different organisms.

38
Q

What are the three domains of life

A

Bacteria: This domain consists of single-celled organisms known as bacteria. They are prokaryotic cells, lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Archaea: Archaea are another group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms. They are known for living in extreme environments such as hot springs, acidic lakes, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents

Eukarya (most complex)(includes all the animals and plants and fungi) : includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

39
Q

What are the four Kingdoms?

A

Animalia (animals) Animals are multicellular organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms

Plantae (plants) plants are multicellular organisms that perform photosynthesis

Fungi (fungi), (multicellular) fungi are multicellular or that obtain nutrients by decomposing organic matte

Protista (protists). mostly unicellular protists are mostly unicellular organisms that can have plant-like, animal-like, or fungal-like characteristics.

Each kingdom represents a distinct group of organisms with different characteristics and evolutionary relationships.

39
Q

what is natural selection?

A

It is the process by which certain traits or characteristics become more or less common in a population over generations based on how well they enhance an organism’s survival and reproduction in its environment.

40
Q

who proposed natural slection?

A

Charles Darwin

41
Q

How does natural selection work?

A

Variation: Within a population of organisms, there is genetic variation. Individuals within the population have different traits due to differences in their genes.

Heritability: Some of these traits are heritable, meaning they can be passed from parents to offspring through genes.

Fitness: Some individuals have characteristics that help them survive and reproduce more successfully than other individuals without those characteristics

Adaptation: Over time, the traits that confer advantages in survival and reproduction become more common in the population. This leads to adaptation, where the population becomes better suited to its environment.

42
Q

behavioral adaptations

A

Behavioral adaptations are actions or behaviors that organisms develop to help them survive and thrive in their environments.

43
Q

Morphological adaptations

A

Morphological adaptations involve physical or structural features of an organism’s body that have evolved to help it survive and function in its environment. These adaptations can include changes in size, shape, color, or other physical traits.

44
Q

Physiological adaptations

A

Physiological adaptations are changes in an organism’s internal processes, functions, or systems that help it survive in its environment.

These adaptations often involve modifications in the structure or function of organs, tissues, or systems

45
Q

Countershading-Thayer’s Law

A

Thayer’s Law, also known as countershading, is a camouflage strategy where an animal’s body is darker on its upper side and lighter on its lower side. This helps the animal blend into its surroundings by reducing the contrast between its body and the natural lighting from above and below. This type of camouflage makes the animal less noticeable to predators and prey.

46
Q

artificial selection

A

Artificial selection, also known as selective breeding, is a process where humans intentionally choose certain traits or characteristics in plants or animals and then breed them to amplify those desired traits over generations.

47
Q

what are examples of artificial selection in dog breeds

A

Examples of artificial selection in dog breeds include: 1. Selective breeding for specific physical traits, such as size, coat color, and shape of the ears.

Principles Of Biology (6 decks)

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