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Cognitive I (S2) > An introduction to language and speaking > Flashcards

An introduction to language and speaking Flashcards

1
Q

What do definitions of language often reflect?

A

The differences between human language and non-human animal communication systems

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2
Q

What is language?

A

An exchange of information

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3
Q

What can language be described as?

A

An arbitrary set of symbols, and rules for combining symbols, which can be used to cerate an infinite variety of messages

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4
Q

Describe Hockett’s design features of language

A

16 features of language
Believed that these differentiated human language from non-human language systems

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5
Q

What do Hockett’s features allow us to do?

A

Differentiate human communication from animal communication

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6
Q

What is the vocal auditory channel? (1)

A

All human languages are usually transmitted through vocal auditory channel, frees up your hands, don’t have to be able to see people to communicate

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7
Q

What is Broadcast Transmission and Directional Reception? (2)

A

When I’m speaking, sounds are produced in all directions, but the perceiver can localise the source of the speech, attribute the sound to a being

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8
Q

What is rapid fading transitoriness? (3)

A

Speech disappears when I stop talking, the sounds cease to exist, therefore the language attributed to those sounds cease to exist, same for sign language

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9
Q

What is interchangeability?(4)

A

Competent users of the language can repeat any message that they hear - can understand their own messages

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10
Q

What is total feedback? (5)

A

The speaker hears everything that they say - online tracking of our messages

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11
Q

What is specialisation? (6)

A

Sounds we produce are designed to convey meaning, but they are not biological outcome of another activity.
E.G Dog after a run –> panting behaviour –> tired, hot, thirsty. BUT this is not the purpose of the behaviour - it is cooling

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12
Q

What is semanticity? (7)

A

The ties between the word and its meaning are definite. Sounds denote specific messages.
Exceptions are homophones - leak leek site sight sauce source

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13
Q

What is arbitrariness? (8)

A

Words are arbitrary and decided by agreement. Whales are huge but the world is relatively small. Microorganisms are tiny but the world is relatively large - the words themselves are not representative

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14
Q

What is discreteness? (9)

A

Linguistic representations can be broken down into small discrete units, which combine with each other in other rule-governed ways
Example - Dog - adding ‘s’ to the word denotes plurality. Perceived categorically, we can’t denote a greater quantity of dogs by how loudly or long we pronounce the S

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15
Q

What is displacement? (10)

A

Can talk about things that aren’t immediately in our vicinity - other countries, cities, times, places, things that don’t exsit or never existed, or never will exist, hopes, creams

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16
Q

What is productivity? (11)

A

Language is not stagnant - it changes
We develop new and novel words with new meaning

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17
Q

What is traditional transmission? (12)

A

Language is acquired through social group, teaching through social interaction - ongoing process

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18
Q

What is duality of patterning? (13)

A

Speech can be analysed on two levels
1) Made up of meaningless element - a limited inventory of sounds or phonemes
2) As made up of meaningful elements - virtually limitless inventory of words or morphemes

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19
Q

What does language enable us to do?

A

To communicate thoughts and concepts to other people

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20
Q

What does human language require a person to do?

A
  • link words to meanings (form–> semantics)
    -understand rules that subtly alter the meaning of a phrase (syntax)
  • be aware that specific combinations of sounds carry meaning (morphology)
  • use language to convey meaning via the way we choose to speak (pragmatics)
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21
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf theory?

A

Language helps us think

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22
Q

What did Winawaer et al 2007 find?

A

Colour perception affected by language - Russian and English speakers differing perception of colour

23
Q

What is language based on?

A

Mental representations

24
Q

What are mental representations developed via?

A

Experience with sensory input

25
Q

How is the store of mental representations for language developed?

A

Experience with language

26
Q

What do we match mental representations to?

A

To words we see or hear

27
Q

Why do we activate our mental representations of words?

A

To speak or write

28
Q

What is the mental representation for compehension?

A

Input (speech) –> Activate (existing mental representations of sound - link to meaning –> Output (comprehension)

29
Q

What is the mental representation for production?

A

Input (Concept for communication) –> activate (meaning) - link to (existing representations of sound) –> output (Speech, writing, gesture)

30
Q

What are the language functions as said by Lichteim 1885?

A

Speaking + writing = production
Reading + understanding = comprehension

31
Q

What happened to Sarah Scott after her stroke?

A

Sarah can comprehend speech but not speak (as language production and comprehension are distinct processes)
Sarah knows what she wants but is struggling to say it

32
Q

What are the building blocks of language?

A

Semantics
Syntax and morphology
Form - phonology
Speech

33
Q

To express a concept, what does the semantic representation have to link with?

A

Form and syntax

34
Q

What is phonology?

A

Sound system of english language

35
Q

How many phonemes are there in English?

A

40

36
Q

What is a grapheme?

A

A visual representation off phoneme

37
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

The meaning within the meaning

38
Q

What is the purpose of Grice’s maxims?

A

Understanding when a person has violated a maxim allows us to interpret the meaning within the meaning.

39
Q

What are Grice’s maxims?

A

1) Quantity - don’t include more information
2) Quality - communication should be truthful
3) Relation - communication should be relevant to the topic of conversation
4) Manner - speaker avoids ambiguity

40
Q

How fast do we communicate per second?

A

Speak at 2-3 words per second

41
Q

How do we communicate per minute?

A

150-200 words per minute

42
Q

CHECK THE SPREADING ACTIVATION SLIDES IDK ALAS YOU ARE CONFUSED

A
43
Q

What are the three methods used to test speech production?

A

Timing of speech onset, hesitations and pauses
Speech errors
Tip-of-the-tongue state

44
Q

Explain timing of speech onset, hesitations and pauses

A

A delay in initiating speech may be the result of processing problemsW

45
Q

What did Schachter et al 1991 find?

A

Found more ah’s and uh’s in speech for humanities compared to natural science lectures. This is because the humanities lecturer has a wider range of lexicon compared to the natural science lecturer.

46
Q

Explain timing of speech

A

Hesitations provide insight into menta processes
Larger number of words in the lexicon result in more hesitations
- concepts compete for articulation

47
Q

Explain speech errors

A

You know what you want to say but retrieve the wrong word to say it
Vigliocco and Hartsuiker 2002 estimate an error occurs every 500 sentences

48
Q

What is an example of a speech error?

A

Slip of the tongue - exchange usually come from the same category

49
Q

When can switches occur?

A

At the end of a phrase. Syntactic and morphological elements left in place.

50
Q

What is tip of the tongue state?

A

A state where you know what you want to say but have trouble retrieving the word to say it

51
Q

Explain tip of the tongue state - competition?

A

Interference from confliction information results in hesitation or tip of the tongue state - Schachter 1999
Activation and competition between related items ‘blocks’ retrieval of the target word. - Smith and Tindell 1997

52
Q

Explain tip of the tongue state - fragment completion task.

A

Target fragment - AN_TO_Y - anatomy
Related prime - anchovy

Target fragment - B_G_A_E
Unrelated prime - failure
–> Related items compete for activation/articulation

Activation of related information (EG anchovy interferes with access of target information EG ANATOMY
Activation of unrelated information EG failure does not interfere access if target information EG BAGGAGE

53
Q

What is the evidence of language production being a series of processes?

A

Competitive processes underpin selection of concepts
–> hesitations in speech, blend errors, tip of the tongue state

Production requires concepts to be activated, morphological elements to be added and words to be articulated
–> speech errors respect syntactic, word and phonological categories, tip of the tongue state.

54
Q

What did evidence from speech errors result in?

A

The development of computational models of speech production that conceptualise production as a series of processes with rules

Cognitive I (S2) (9 decks)

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