AN 1111 Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
Symbols
Something an object idea, image, figure, or character that represents something else
Anthropology defined
The study of human beings, their biology, their pre-history and histories, and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions
Applied anthropology
Anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization’s needs
Comparative method
A research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of 2 or more cultures or societies
Scientific method
The standard methodology of science that begins from observable facts, generates hypothesis from these facts and then test these hypothesis
Theory
A tested and repeatedly supported hypothesis
Syntax
Pattern of word order used to form sentences and longer utterances in a language
World systems theory
The theory that capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world, creating a global market, dividing the world between a dominant “core” and a dependent “periphery”.
Cultural imperialism
The promotion of one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means like the spread of technology and material culture
Hybridization
Persistent cultural mixing that has no predetermined direction or end-point
Multi-sided ethnography
An ethnographic research strategy of following connections, associations, and putative relationship from place to place
Localization
The creation and assertion of highly particular, often place-based, identities and communities
Globalization
The widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images and ideas w/in nations and across national boundaries
Cultural relativism
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgements about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices
Ethnocentrism
The assumption that one’s own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people’s practices or views as wrong or ignorant
Diversity
The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world
Holistic perspective
A perspective that aims to identify and understand the whole-that is, the systematic connections b/ween individual cultural beliefs and practices-rather than the individual parts
-no single aspect of human culture can be understood unless its relationships to aspects of culture are explored
Ethnographers
Have a prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community
Cultural determination
The idea that all human actions are the product of culture, which denies the influence of other factors like physical environment and human biology on human behavior
Cultural appropriation
The unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another
Enculturation
The process of learning the social rules and cultural logic of society.
Phonology
The systematic pattern of sounds in a language, also known as the language’s sound system
Morphology
The structure of words and word formations in a language
Pidgin language
A mixed language w/ a simplified grammar, typically borrowing its vocabulary from one language but its grammar from another
Creole language
A language of mixed origins that has developed from a complex blending of two parent languages that exists as a mother tongue for some parts of the population.
Call systems
Patterned sounds or utterances that express meaning
Informant
Any person an anthropologists gets data from in the study community especially people interviewed or who provided information about what they have observed or heard
Participant observation
The standard research method used by sociocultural anthropologists that requires the researcher to live in the community he or she is studying to observe and participate in day-to-day activities
Ethics
Moral questions about right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior
E.B. Tylor
“Classic Contributions” “Culture Concept”
-developed an evolutionary sequence that would explain how people evolved from primitive savagery to more advanced
Clifford Geertz
Proposed that culture is a system of symbols
“Humans dwell largely in world they create by creating and giving meaning to their own ideas, beliefs, behaviors”
“Human are incomplete or unfinished animals who complete ourselves through culture”
“The aim of anthropology is the enlargement of the universe of human discourse”
Culture shock
A sense of disorientation or confusion from being immersed in a new culture, way of life, or set of attitudes
Dimensions of culture shock
1 confusion 2 surprise/disgust 3 loss 4 rejection 5 self-esteem 6 importance 7 doubt
Phonemes
Individual sounds that makes a difference in the meaning of the words
Sapir/ Whorf Hypothesis
The idea that language influences the perceptions and thought patterns of those who speak it, and thus conditions their worldview
5 major themes of swearing
- Religion
- Scatological
- Sex organs
- Sexual activities
- Mother
Other: animal names
Kinesics
The study of the relationship between body movements and communication
Culture musts
- production/ distribution
- bio-continuity
- enculture
- maintain order worldwide
- maintain order between
- motivate survival
Sub fields of anthropology
- physical
- archaeology
- cultural
- linguistics
- applied
Factors of fieldwork in anthropology
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Emic/Etic
Etic- an analytical framework used by outside analysts in studying culture
Emic- insider’s perception & categories, and their explanation for why they do what they do
Migration theories across discipline
Historians
Particular times/places
Not analyze process
Migration theories across disciplines
Anthropology
How does migrations affect culture change and ethnic ID?
Migration theories across discipline
Sociology
Why occurs/how sustained/ how incorporated/ receiving society
Migration theories across discipline
Demography
How does migration affect population change
Migration theories across disciplines
Economics
What explain the propensity to migrate and its effects? Labor market
Migration theories across disciplines
Law
How does law affect migration? Process of citizenship
Migration theories across disciplines
Political science
Why do states have difficulty controlling migration/role of nation state/ impact on institutions/foreign policy/ national security
Kwakiutl Death
Northwestern canada
Death marks the passage to one location to another
@ death the soul leaves the body, goes into salmon, captured, soul climbs up a female’s boot strap and waits for the right movement for penetration creating recarnation
Hockett’s 7 characteristics of language
- Openness 2. Displacement 3. Postionality 4. Arbitrariness 5. Multiples of patterning 6. Semanticity 7. Prevarication
6 major colonial powers
Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, holland
3 types of colonial powers
- Economic reason (exploration)
- Maritime areas-trade
- Permanent settlements
5 stages of modernization theory
- Traditional stage
- Cultural stage
- Take-off stage
- Sustained-growth stage
- High economic growth stage
Dependency theory
Success of independent capitalist nations, has required failure of dependent colonies/nations, whose economics have been distorted to serve needs of dominant capitalist outsiders
James Ferguson on development
Not poor because they are remote. They are poor b/c their labor is exploited
-undermined the chiefs
?Do they want it, Are they interested in it and is it beneficial?
Development anthropology versus anthropology of development
Development anthropology- the application of anthropological knowledge and research methods to the practical aspects of shaping and implementing development projects
Anthropology of development- the field of study within anthropology concerned with understanding the cultural conditions for proper development, or, alternatively, the negative impacts of development projects.
Sapper
Poor bakongo youths in urban shanty towns who compete with each other to acquire famous French and Italian designer clothes. They believe clothes reflect the degree of “life force” possessed by the wearer.
Sapeur goal
Is not to live a European lifestyle, his goal is to accumulate prestige by linking himself to external forces of wealth, health, and political power.
Migrants
People who leave their homes to work for a time other regions or countries
Immigrants
People who enter a foreign country with no expectation of every returning to their home country
Refugee
People who migrate because of political oppression or war, usually with legal permission to stay in a different country
Exiles
People who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries
Diffusionists
Early 20th Centre boasian anthropologists who held that cultural characteristics result from either internal historical dynamism or a spread (diffusion) of cultural attributes from other societies
Core
The home countries
Periphery
The rest of the world
Three theories of global change
Cultural convergence, Clash of civilizations, hybridization
Cultural convergence theory
Mcdonalds, coca-cola,
Spread of industry society created a common worldwide culture, based on similar conditions of work within the same industry.
-envisions a worldwide convergence of consumer preferences and corporate practices
-westernization or Americanization
Clash of civilizations
Argues that consciousness of culture is becoming greater around the world, and that states and people band together because of cultural similarities, not because of ideological similarities.
-American neoconservatives justify “war on terror”
Hybridization
Persistent cultural mixing that has no predetermined direction or end-point.
Postcolonialism
The field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism
Financial globalization
Global linkages through cross-border financial flows, has become increasingly relevant for emerging markets as they integrate financially with the rest of the world
USAID
United States Agency for International Development is an agency which is primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid
Features of cultures
??
Symbols, values, norms, traditions
Commodities chain
A process used by firms to gather resources, transfer them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers. It is a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.
Olympics and hybrid theory
The Olympic Games is a quintessential global event: currently 203 countries participate in the Olympic Games, even more than are members of the United Nations. Drawing on certain core value-competitiveness, internationalism, amateurism,etc, they foster awareness of living in a single world culture
1st world
Referees to so called developed, capitalist, industrial countries, roughly, a block of countries aligned with the United States after World War II, with more or less common political and economic interests: North America, Western Europe, japan, Australia
2nd world
Referees to the former communist-socialist, industrial states,( formerly the eastern bloc, the territory and sphere of influence of the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic) today: Russia, Eastern Europe (e.g. Poland) and some of the Turk states (e.g. Kazakhstan) as well as China
Third world
All other countries, today often used to roughly describe the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. The term includes well capitalist (venezuela) and communist (North Korea) countries, as very rich (Saudi Arabia) and very poor (Mali) countries
Kinesics in Italy
Masters of kinesics, study of non linguistic body movements, such as gestures and facial expressions to communicate to others.
Italian culture is rich in it’s use of kinesics
Shake hands and may kiss air, pressing checks to someone else’s starting with the right
-used of emblems, non verbal cues with meaning
Contemporary globalization
Defined as the final wave of globalization and is characterized by the acceleration and intensification of the technological, cultural, religious, economic and political intergration
Factors of fieldwork in anthropology
Topic of investigation, questions guiding the research, where the research will be carried out, who is funding it, external political or economic factors, the age, sex, or ethnicity of the anthropologist
Evolutionary perspective
Theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits -such as memory, perception, or language - as adaptations, ie, as the functional products of natural selection
Non-verbal communication
Defined as communication without words, it includes apparent behaviors such as facial expressions, eyes, touching, and ton of voice, as well as less obvious messages such as dress posture and spatial distance between two or more people.
4 characteristics of culture
- Is learned
- Is social
- Is shared
- Is transmitted
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Cultural relativism
Judging the cultural practices of another culture by the value for that culture
Indian Body language
- Indians value personal space
- hands on hips considered an argumentative posture
- avoid direct eye contact
- using right hand is a good sign
- public displaces affection are not proper
- never point finger
Colony
A body of people who Seattle from home but maintain ties w/homeland. Remain nationals of home country yet not literally under home systems of government
Objectives of development
Diet, med care, environment, labor, education, safety, housing, systems, equality
Philology
The branch of knowledge that deals with the structure, historical development, and relationships of a language or languages
Integrated culture
A form of cultural exchange in which one group assumes the beliefs, practices, and rituals of another group without sacrificing the characteristics of its own culture
7 elements of culture
Learned, use symbols, dynamic-always adapting/changing a process, integrated w/daily experience, shapes every body life, shared, understanding helps overcome ethnicocentrism
