ALS Midterm Flashcards
/p/
Pat, lap
/b/
Bat, lab
/t/
Tap,cot
/d/
Dam, cod
/k/
Kong, car
/g/
Gong, dog
/f/
Fan, cliff
/v/
Van, swivel
Ø
Thigh, path
Õ
Thy, the
/s/
Sap, cats
/z/
Zap, Jazz
/f/ without the - and a like wing at bottom left
Shine, posh
/backwards 3/
Measure, treasure
/h/
Happy, Hill
/tf/ f without - and little wing at bottom left
Chill, touch
/d3/
Jill,judge
/m/
Mull, skim
/n/
Null, skin
/n with a little wing bottom right/
Ring,rank
/l/
Lava, hill
/r/
Ring, mar
/w/
Will, tower
/j/
Yes, yard
/i/
Beat, eaten
/I/
Bit, innocent
/e/
Bait, ate
/backwards 3/
Bet, end
/ae/
Bat, ash
/upside down e/
About, phonetic
/upside down v/
Was, tub
/u/
Boot, reduce
/horseshoe/
Good/soot
/o/
Boat, open
/upside down c/
Bought, coffee
/a/
Cot, bother
/ai/
Buy -diphthong
/ahorseshoe/
Bough-diphthong
/backwards c I/
Boy - diphthong
Voiceless stops
p,t,k
Voiced stops
b,d,g
Places of articulation in order on chart from left to right
Bioavailability, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatial, velar, glottal
Manner of articulations from on chart from top to bottom
Stops, fricatives, Affricates, nasals, liquids, glides
Natural class
A set of sounds that can be described by their shared features so as to include all those sounds and exclude all others
Isoglass
A line on a map dividing dialect areas
Dialectology focuses on determining linguistic variation based on_____ factors
Geographic
NORMS
Nonmobile older rural males
In the us, nondialectal speech is found?
Nowhere
Modern dialectology maps are constructed primarily based on
Interviews and surveys collected from local speakers
Nonstandard language varieties are _______ grammatically systematic as/ than standard varieties
Equally
The fact that Chinese dialects spoken in the north (such as shanghai) and south (such as Changsha) are typically described as belonging to the same language, Chinese
Goes against the usually linguistic distinction between language and dialect, which is mutual intelligibility
The fact that many social and professional contexts expect participants to speak a variety close to standard
Puts an additional burden on speakers of nonstandard dialects because it requires them to control multiple dialects rather than just their native one in order to be respected
The value (or “coin”) that nonstandard varieties have within specific communities is called
A covert prestige
Using linguistic forms consciously to align yourself with a particular community or group would be an example of
Change from above
Example of change from below
An Ohioan using more fronted vowels in speech
William labov performed his famous nyc dialect study by asking store employee where to find something that would be on the the 4th floor, and asked them to repeat it by saying “excuse me?”. He performed his research this way because
He wanted to hear the employee’s natural speech, multiple times
Speakers of British English mostly pronounce the word “butter” with a glottal stop as second constant, whereas most American dialects have a flap as the second consonant. This indicates that
The environments for allophones of /t/ vary between dialects
Examples of prescriptive rules
- never start a sentence with “me and him… “ say “he and i” instead
- pronouns the “r” in “car” and other similar word
Descriptive grammar
A linguist’s description or model of the mental grammar
Prescriptive grammar
Rules of grammar brought about by grammarians’ attempts to legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be
Examples of descriptive rules
- English word for most declarative sentences is Subject-verb-object
- in standard American English present tense verbs are inflected as: …
- in African American English, present tense verbs are inflected as follows:….
Linguistic competence
We can unambiguously refer to this cognitive notion of language as our linguistic competence
- this is your (mostly unconscious) knowledge of your native language
Grammar
The representation of the knowledge (of linguistic competence) in the the mind will be called grammar.
-the mental representation of a speaker’s linguistic competence
Performance
The use of linguistic competence in the production and comprehension of language; behavior as distinguished from linguistic knowledge.
What does performance provide us with?
The data for studying competence
-w/o performance, it would all be in our heads
Dialect
A variety of a language whose grammar differs in systematic ways from other varieties
Idiolect
An individuals’ way of speaking, reflecting that person’s grammar
Your language(s) both idiolect and dialect) are from the combined influence of ______ and _____.
Nature and nurture
Know saussure’s signs
Signifier + sign = signified
Contrastive aspects/ parts of the signifier
3 parts of spoken language?
1 String of sounds (phones)
2 stress
3 intonation
Contrastive aspects/ parts of the signifier
Written language?
Symbol shape
Contrastive aspects/ parts of the signifier
3 parts of sign language?
1 hand shapes
2 sign space usage (small vs large)
3 facial gestures
What is phonetics
- the study of phones
- the study of the physical aspects of speech sounds, rather than the abstract mental representations and rules
Auditory phonetics?
The study of the auditory processing of speech sounds
Acoustic phonetics?
The study of acoustic properties of speech sounds
Articulately phonetics?
They study of the production of speech sounds (articulation)
Linguist are usually ______ and language pundits (media commentators are usually ______.
Descriptivists, prescriptivist
How do linguist define grammar?
The structure and rules of the language which comes naturally to a native speaker
In principle, language standardization suppresses language variation in order to?
Maintain homogeneity (or at least similarity) across different language outlets
In terms of Saussure theory of linguistics signs, how does the textbook describe the signifier?
The string of sounds
Judging or evaluating other people based on the way they speak is?
Something normal that all people do, whether consciously or not
Linguists view spoken language as primary language because?
Speakers acquire the spoken language naturally as children
Our perception of whether someone has an accent can be affected by?
Both their pronunciation and non-linguistic assumptions about their background
Speech errors in a native language are generally errors with respect to?
Linguistic performance
Studying language synchronically means studying the way
It functions at one present point in time
The history of the pronunciation of standard American English ask as ax (or aks) demonstrates that?
The choice of ask as the current standard is arbitrary and objectively no superior to non-standard variants
