amu 24/10 Flashcards
Cystitis?
Inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bladder infection (lower UTI).
Dysuria (pain on voiding), urgency, nocturia, cloudy urine, suprapubic tenderness, haematuria, mild pyrexia
Other causes of cystitis?
STIs, post sexual intercourse, contact with irritants, symptoms of menopause
Treatment of cystitis?
Nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, pivmecillinam or fosfomycin
uncomplicated= 3 days
complicated uti=5-7 days
Usual uti organism?
E. Coli
Staph. Saprophyticus in 5-10% of cases.
For typical UTI microbe what would the urine dip show?
+ve for nitrites
+ve for Leucocyte esterase
Urine dipstick shows
-ve nitrites
+ve LE
whats the causative organism?
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
mechanism of warfarin?
Vitamin K antagonist.
By compeitive inhibtion of VKOR. VKOR is needed to convert vit k to t=its active reduced form.
Hepatic synthesis of which clotting factors requires Vitamin K?
Clotting factors II, VII, IX, X
“2+7 is 9, not 10”
warfarin onset of action timeline?
Delayed in onset of action. t1/2=approx 36-48hours
Types of epilepsy?
Focal onset (aware/impaired awareness)
Generalised onset (tonic-clonic, myoclonic, atonic)(Non motor)
Grand mal?
Generalised seizure
partial seizure?
focal seizure
Petit mal?
Absence seizure
Whats Status Epilepticus?
Treatment of Status Epilepticus?
Benzodiazepines, MoA?
Brivaracetam?
Adjunctive therapy of focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation
Ondansetron?
5ht3 receptor antagonist.
Antiemetic
sideeffects
constipation
slight parkinsonian symptoms
headache
Aspiration Pneumonia, tell me all about it?
Risk factors= dysphagia, altered conscious state, post strokes (cva).
Causative organisms=oral flora+anaerobes.
In hospital setting= Pseudomonas Aerguinosa
Symptoms= Fever, rigors, malaise (lack of well being), dyspnoea, purulent sputum, haemoptysis, pleuritic pain.
Signs, tachycardic, tachypnoea, cyanosis, confusion, pyrexia, hypotension, signs of consolidation, pleural rub
Tell me about Guillian Barre syndrome?
Autoimmune.
Destruction of myelin sheath of axons of motor neurons. (therfore delay neuronal transmission).
Disease is curable if recognised early on!
Symptoms: Bilateral numbness pins and needles, muscle weakness and pain. Problems with balance and coordination. (usually starts distally on limbs then ascends it way proximally)
Risk of it affecting diaphargm and intercoastal innervation +breathing! Hypoventilation.
Human leukocyte antigen?
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system or complex is a complex of genes on chromosome 6 in humans which encode cell-surface proteins responsible for the regulation of the immune system.[1] The HLA system is also known as the human version of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) found in many animals.
Adaptive immune response, antigen presentation, MHC II (extracellular), MHC I (intracellular),
