amu 24/10

Question 1

Cystitis?

Answer 1

Inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bladder infection (lower UTI).
Dysuria (pain on voiding), urgency, nocturia, cloudy urine, suprapubic tenderness, haematuria, mild pyrexia

Question 2

Other causes of cystitis?

Answer 2

STIs, post sexual intercourse, contact with irritants, symptoms of menopause

Question 3

Treatment of cystitis?

Answer 3

Nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, pivmecillinam or fosfomycin

uncomplicated= 3 days
complicated uti=5-7 days

Question 4

Usual uti organism?

Answer 4

E. Coli

Staph. Saprophyticus in 5-10% of cases.

Question 5

For typical UTI microbe what would the urine dip show?

Answer 5

+ve for nitrites
+ve for Leucocyte esterase

Question 6

Urine dipstick shows
-ve nitrites
+ve LE
whats the causative organism?

Answer 6

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus

Question 7

mechanism of warfarin?

Answer 7

Vitamin K antagonist.
By compeitive inhibtion of VKOR. VKOR is needed to convert vit k to t=its active reduced form.

Question 8

Hepatic synthesis of which clotting factors requires Vitamin K?

Answer 8

Clotting factors II, VII, IX, X
“2+7 is 9, not 10”

Question 9

warfarin onset of action timeline?

Answer 9

Delayed in onset of action. t1/2=approx 36-48hours

Question 10

Types of epilepsy?

Answer 10

Focal onset (aware/impaired awareness)
Generalised onset (tonic-clonic, myoclonic, atonic)(Non motor)

Question 11

Grand mal?

Answer 11

Generalised seizure

Question 12

partial seizure?

Answer 12

focal seizure

Question 13

Petit mal?

Answer 13

Absence seizure

Question 14

Whats Status Epilepticus?

Question 15

Treatment of Status Epilepticus?

Question 16

Benzodiazepines, MoA?

Question 17

Brivaracetam?

Answer 17

Adjunctive therapy of focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation

Question 18

Ondansetron?

Answer 18

5ht3 receptor antagonist.
Antiemetic

sideeffects
constipation
slight parkinsonian symptoms
headache

Question 19

Aspiration Pneumonia, tell me all about it?

Answer 19

Risk factors= dysphagia, altered conscious state, post strokes (cva).

Causative organisms=oral flora+anaerobes.
In hospital setting= Pseudomonas Aerguinosa

Symptoms= Fever, rigors, malaise (lack of well being), dyspnoea, purulent sputum, haemoptysis, pleuritic pain.
Signs, tachycardic, tachypnoea, cyanosis, confusion, pyrexia, hypotension, signs of consolidation, pleural rub

Question 20

Tell me about Guillian Barre syndrome?

Answer 20

Autoimmune.
Destruction of myelin sheath of axons of motor neurons. (therfore delay neuronal transmission).
Disease is curable if recognised early on!

Symptoms: Bilateral numbness pins and needles, muscle weakness and pain. Problems with balance and coordination. (usually starts distally on limbs then ascends it way proximally)
Risk of it affecting diaphargm and intercoastal innervation +breathing! Hypoventilation.

Question 21

Human leukocyte antigen?

Answer 21

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system or complex is a complex of genes on chromosome 6 in humans which encode cell-surface proteins responsible for the regulation of the immune system.[1] The HLA system is also known as the human version of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) found in many animals.

Adaptive immune response, antigen presentation, MHC II (extracellular), MHC I (intracellular),