AMT 2105 ( AVIATION SAFETY) Prelims Flashcards
is the state in which the possibility of harm to persons or of the property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below.
Safety
The history of the progress in aviation safety can be divided into how many eras?
Three
from the early 1900s until the late 1960s. Aviation emerged as a form of mass
transportation in which identified safety deficiencies were initially related to technical factors and technological
failures.
The Technical Era
from the early 1970s until the mid-1990s. In the early 1970s, the frequency of aviation accidents was significantly reduced due to major technological advances and enhancements to safety regulations.
The Human Factor Era
from the mid-1990s to the present day. During the organizational era safety began
to be viewed from a systemic perspective, which was to encompass organizational factors in addition to human
and technical factors.
The organizational era
are actions or inactions, including errors and violations, which have an immediate adverse effect.
They are generally viewed, with the benefit of hindsight, as unsafe acts.
Active Failures
are those that exist in the aviation system well before a damaging outcome is experienced.
Latent Conditions
are factors that directly influence the efficiency of people in aviation workplaces
Workplace conditions
The SHEL(L) Model contains the following four components:
Software
Harrware
Environment
Liverware
refers to the relationship between the human and the physical attributes of equipment, machines and facilities.
Liverware- Hardware
is the relationship between the human and the
supporting systems found in the workplace, e.g. regulations, manuals, checklists, publications,
standard operating procedures (SOPs) and computer software.
Liverware-Software
is the relationship among persons in the work
environment. Since flight crews, air traffic controllers, aircraft maintenance engineers and other
operational personnel function in groups, it is important to recognize that communication and
interpersonal skills, as well as group dynamics, play a role in determining human performance.
Liverware-Liverware
involves the relationship between the human and both
the internal and external environments. The internal workplace environment includes such physical
considerations as temperature, ambient light, noise, vibration and air quality.
Liverware-Environment
An action or inaction by an operational person that leads to deviations from organizational or the
operational person’s intentions or expectation.
Error
Errors can be divided into the two following categories:
Slips and Lapses & Mistakes
provide direct intervention to reduce or eliminate the factors contributing to
the error.
Reduction strategies
assume the error will be made. The intent is to ―capture‖ the error before any adverse consequences of the error are felt.
Capture strategies
refer to the ability of a system to accept that an error will be made but without experiencing serious consequences.
Tolerance strategies
defined as “a deliberate act of willful misconduct or omission resulting in a deviation from
established regulations, procedures, norms or practices.
Violations
are committed in response to factors experienced in a specific context, such
as time pressure or high workload.
Situatuonal Violations
become the normal way of doing business within a work group. Such violations are committed in response to situations in which compliance with established procedures makes task
completion difficult.
Routine Violations
may be considered as an extension of routine violations. This type of violation tends to occur when an organization attempts to meet increased output demands by ignoring or stretching its safety defences.
Organizationally induced violations
