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Tetrapods > Amphibians > Flashcards

Amphibians Flashcards

1
Q

Give the species found within the class amphibian.

A

Caecilians
Salamanders/ Newts
Frogs/ Toads

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2
Q

Give the phylogeny of caecilians

A 
In the class amphibian
In the order Apoda

Also found In the clade Gymnophiona

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3
Q

Give the meaning of Apoda and Gymnophiona

A

Apoda- Without legs

Gymnophiona- Naked

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4
Q

Do caecilians have limbs or limb girdles ?

A

Neither, have lost them due to their lifestyle of burrowing

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5
Q

Give morphological adaptions of caecilians to burrowing.

A

Highly ossified and compact skull.

Small eyes, coverable by skin.

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6
Q

How large are caecilians ?

A

5 cm to 150cm

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7
Q

Describe the caecilian body,

A

Elongate
Segmented by annular grooves
Some have scales

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8
Q

caecilians have a reduced lung, give the species which shares this characteristic through convergent evolution.

A

Snakes

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9
Q

Give the habitat of caecilians

A

Moist forest soil, tropical conditions

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10
Q

What is the diet of caecilians ?

A

They are carnivorous.

Grip prey and twist it to process it,

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11
Q

Give the life cycle of most Caecilians

A

OVIPAROUS- lay eggs

Can be terrestrial or aquatic

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12
Q

Some caecilians are VIVIPAROUS, What does this mean ?

A

Give birth to live young,

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13
Q

How do viviparous caecilian offspring gain nutrients ?

A

Larvae have teeth to scrape epithelial lining of oviduct to gain nutrients secreted by oviducal cells.

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14
Q

Matrotrophy can occur in caecilians. What does this mean ?

A

Mother cares for the offspring.

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15
Q

Give the habitats of newts and salamanders.

A

Cooler, northern temperate regions.
Few tropical and subtropical species
Some entirely aquatic, others terrestrial

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16
Q

Give the key defining features of Newts and salamanders

A

A Tail

Equal length limbs- bend body as walk.

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17
Q

Describe the basic reproductive cycle of N&S

A

Eggs are laid in water
Larvae hatch as tadpoles
Metamorphose into adult

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18
Q

What is Paedomorphis ?

A

The retention of larval features when the organism reaches maturity.

19
Q

Give an example of a species which shows this Paedomorphis.

A

Mole Salamanders.
Can remain in aquatic larval from throughout life, Retaining gills
Never progress to terrestrial adults
Dictated by environmental conditions in larval stage

20
Q

Fertilisation in newts and salamaders is mainly….

Describe the fertilisation process.

A

Internal (external can occur)
No copulation
M produce gelatinous spermatophores, capped with sperm
Females pick up and store sperm with Cloaca.
Eggs are fertilised as they pass out the cloaca
Deposited in clumps

21
Q

Give the 3 native UK newt and salamander species.

A

Palmate
Smooth
Great crested

22
Q

Give the 3 invader species of salamanders and newts.

A

Fire Salamander
Alpine Newt
Italian crested Newt

23
Q

Give the order that Frogs and toads are found in,

A

Anura (meaning no tail)

24
Q

How are frogs and toad adapted for jumping ?

A

Have large hind limbs and webbed toes

25
Q

What are the dietary habits of frogs and toads ?

A

Foragers
Wide variety of prey items
Mainly carnivorous
Will use large protusible sticky tongue.

26
Q

What communication is crucial in frog and toad breeding ?

A

Visual and auditory
Will amass in aggregations
Males, large vocal sacs to give mating calls

27
Q

Fertilisation in Frogs and toads is….

A

Mainly external

28
Q

Give the 3 different larvae life cycles of frogs and toads

A

Mostly Oviparous with Aquatic eggs and larvae
Oviparous- Terrestrial eggs
Viviparous- Oviviparity

29
Q

What is Lecithotrophy ?

A

The only nutrients supplied by the mother are those contained in the yolk.

30
Q

Give the 4 native UK species

A

Common Frog
Common Toad
Natter jack Toad
Pool frog

31
Q

Non native species to the UK include the African clawed toad and American bullfrog.
How many are there in total ?

A

9 Non native UK species

32
Q

Give the 2 environments in which frogs and toads are not present.

A

Arid environments

Extreme latitudes

33
Q

What is the global diversity of amphibians thought to be dependant on ?

A

The formation of the continents

Breaking up of land mass developed and restricted certain species

34
Q

Other than continent formation, how else did amphibians colonise land mass ?

A

Washed across the ocean on land rafts, created in freak storms

35
Q

A major peak in amphibian diversity occurred in the Cretaceaous, what can this be attributed to ?

A

The evolution and diversification of flowering plants

36
Q

Give the 3 causes of amphibian species reduction.

A 
Reduced habitat 
(wide variety- hard to protect)
Over Exploited
(Eating them, trade increasing)
Enigmatic decline
(global warming, disease)
37
Q

What is enigmatic decline ?

A

Decline in a species even when a suitable habitat remains.

38
Q

Give the main cause of enigmatic decline in amphibians

A

Chytrid fungus

39
Q

What is the bacterium that causes the cytrid fungus.

A

B. Dendrobatdis

Has motile zoospores that swim in water, infected skin of amphibians

40
Q

How has global warming propagated the chytrid fungus ?

A

optimum growth is between 17-25 C

Increasing temperatures make certain habitats able to support the fungus.

41
Q

What are the symptoms of the chytrid disease?

A

Sloughing of skin
Paralysis of hind legs
Sufferers will die.

42
Q

How do non native UK species influence the disease spread ?

A

Pest species are resistant, able to pass on the disease without suffering themselves

43
Q

How quickly is the chytrid disease spreading per year ?

A

20-100 km per year.

Tetrapods (9 decks)

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