Amphibians

Question 1

tetrapods

Answer 1

amphibians, reptiles(including birds), and mammals

Question 2

amphibians are considred monophyletic

Answer 2

all descended from a common ancertral species, as yet not found as a fossil

Question 3

anura

Answer 3

(salientia) tailless, hopping ambibians as adults- frogs and toads

Question 4

caudata

Answer 4

(urodela) tailed amphibians- salamanders

Question 5

gymnophiona

Answer 5

legless amphibians- the caecilians

Question 6

amphibia

Answer 6

began in the devonian period, and flourished as the only terrestreial vertebrate type for millions of years

Question 7

amphibian liniage

Answer 7

the entire clade arose form a single groupd od sarcopterygian lobe finned fish (“rhipidistian crossopterygians”)

Question 8

lungs

Answer 8

a modification of the physostomous swim bladder acting as lungs

Question 9

Chaoanae

Answer 9

the internal side of the nostrals that allow air to be drawn in

Question 10

buccal pumping

Answer 10

the floor of the mouth is contracted repeatedly and quickly to force air into the lungs

Question 11

layers of skin

Answer 11

terrestrial adult amphibians have an intigument with 5-7 layers of skin. the”old” 3 interir layers, an acellular mucus layer and the external karatinized layer

Question 12

hearing

Answer 12

becomes associated with the middle ear bones. eye structure changes so that a “sharp” focus becomes possible in the retina

Question 13

lisamphibia

Answer 13

(are considered monophyletic, descended from a common ancerstor)

the synapomophies:
1- lack scales, instead they have a moist integument used for gas exchnage. skin contains mucus glands that keep them moist, paratoid glnds that secrete toxins, and granular glands that secrete lost of subsinces when needed

2-papilla amphibiorum- papillae in the inner ear sensative to frequiencies below 1khz unique to amphibians

3- operculum-plectrum complex- the operculum is a bone that develops in the fenestria ovalis )oval window) in the inner ear.
the plectrum aka columella or stapes is derived from the hyiod bone of fishes

4-green rods- a special retinal cell (absent in caecilians since they have reduced eyes) that help with nocternal vision

5-levator builbi muscle- a muslce at the base of the eye that causes them to perpetually bulge outwards

Question 14

gymnophiona distributions

Answer 14

pantropica, concentrated in south america (reflects gondwanaland(post pangea))

Question 15

typhloonectidae

Answer 15

the only lungless family of caecelians. in everyone else only the left lung is reduced of completely absent

Question 16

tentacle

Answer 16

chemoreceptor sensory organ. can be extended or retracted form the opening on the side of their head

Question 17

fertilization

Answer 17

is always internal in caelilians
males have an intromittent organ called the phallodeum, formed by the eversible lining of the cloaca

there can be direct fertilization siwht ovipararity (with out without larvae stage) or viviparity. half of the speceies are oviparious

Question 18

paedomorphism

Answer 18

Parts of the body start to develop dfferently in time tfrom other body parts (neoteny)

Question 19

Neoteny

Answer 19

When the reporductive system is developed but the biginning of the somatic developemnt is delayed

Question 20

Reproductive strategies of slamanders

Answer 20

• annual peters- most most slamander live where there are distinct featues, so they have a spring breeding season for example when temps rise
  -biannual- some families have breddeing cucle every 2 years

Question 21

Reproductive modes

Answer 21

External fertilization(ancestral condition with eggs laid in water and with an aquiat stage)(only sirens have external)

Interna fertilization (derived)( use spermatophores)

Question 22

Spermatophore

Answer 22

Macroscopic structure with a gelatinos cone tiped with a sper containg cap, the male places it down and the female picks it up

Question 23

Ways that salamanders are born

Answer 23

-aquatic egg +aquatic larva
-terrestrial eggs but aquatic larva
-terrestrial eggs +terrestrial larva that dont feed until they become terrestrial juveniles
-terrestrail eggs but theres direct developmenet form the larva inside the egg(most common)
-eggs are retained in the oviduct

Question 24

Oophay

Answer 24

Very rare. Developing larva feed on arrrested developmednt oviducal eggs

Question 25

Adelphophagy

Answer 25

Even rarer. Larger larva in the oviducsts eat the smaller larve

Question 26

5 stages of courtship

Answer 26

1- male becaomes aware due to chemosensory or visial cues from the female, approches her and rubs with glands

2- imobilizes her for a bit to contrinue rubbing

3- he moves and she follows

4- male depostis spermatophore

5- females follows to find it

Question 27

Types of larva

Answer 27

Pond type larva- large, bushy external gills(limited oxygen) and large tail(for swimming in still water)

Stream type- reduced external gills and modorate tail fin

Question 28

Predator avoidance

Answer 28

1- skin toxicity- (from granunal glands)

2- unken reflex- arching its back to show its colorful underside

3- aposematic display- the actual bright coloring of amphibians that signal they are poisonous

4- adhesive secreation of the skin- becomes sticky i guess

Question 29

Frogs v toads

Answer 29

“Frogs” have long limbs and leap. Have smooth skin(family ranidae

“Toads” have short limbs and hop. Have warts (large aggregations of granular glands) (family bufonidae)

Question 30

types of calls

Answer 30

advertisement call- performed mostly by males, territorial call for other males and mating call for females

courtship call- made by males when females approach

encounter call- made by male when male aproches
release(warning)call- made by males when accidently seized by another male

reciprocation call- made by females who are able to vocalize inresponds to advertisement call

distress call- made by either sex when seized by a predator(only open mouth call)

Question 31

integumantry adaptation

Answer 31

1- skin- skin overlying the skull may be fused to the underlying bone, helps reduce waterloss through thehead

2-mucus glands- secrete moist mucus to prevent waterloss

Question 32

nuptial pads

Answer 32

sexually diomrphic mucus glands that develop during matuing season, are used to hold down the female(amplexus)