Amphibian

Question 1

The name is derived from the presence of four limbs
sarcopterygian descendants that possess well-formed
forelimbs and hindlimbs.

Answer 1

Tetrapoda

Question 2

The earliest amphibians arose during what period?

Answer 2

Devonian period

Question 3

The fossil record provides evidence of many extinct
Evolutionary History
tetrapod taxa, and no one knows what animal was the
first tetrapod. The best-known and some of the earliest
fossils were first discovered in Greenland in 1932. They
are of a 365-million-year-old group called ______.

Answer 3

Ichthyostegalia

Question 4

One of the more recent, and more significant of these “transitional” fossils, was unearthed in 2004 in
the frigid, barren Canadian tundra of Ellesmere
Island. Named ___ by the team of
paleontologists who discovered it.

Answer 4

Tiktaalik

Question 5

______documents key steps in the vertebrate transition from water to land, and its features suggest that key tetrapod traits, such as wrist, ribs,
and a flexible neck, were ancestral to the tetrapod
lineage.

Answer 5

Tiktaalik

Question 6

Refers to living amphibians the reptiles (including birds), mammals, and the common ancestor of these groups.

Answer 6

Lissamphibia”

Question 7

During the ________, amphibians underwent a population explosion

By the _____ (299-250 mya), amphibians had reached the peak of their success with more than 40 families, most of which were either semiaquatic or completely terrestrial.

Answer 7

Carboniferous period (360-299 mya)
Permian period

Question 8

Name the three orders of class amphibia

Answer 8

ORDER GYMNOPHIONA
ORDER CAUDATA
ORDER ANURA

Question 9

160 species confined to tropical regions although some are aquatic, most are wormlike burrowers that feed on worms and other invertebrates in the soil.

Answer 9

Caecilians

Question 10

(Gr. gymnos, naked + ophineos, like a snake)

Answer 10

Gymnophiona

Question 11

(L. cauda, tail + Gr. ata, to bear)

Answer 11

Caudata

Question 12

Most of the 400 species of are found in the Northern Hemisphere, with secondary radiation to tropical and subtropical regions
Most terrestrial live in moist forest-floor litter and have aquatic larvae.

Answer 12

Salamanders

Question 13

Salamandridae are commonly called ____. They spend most of their lives in water and frequently retain caudal fins.

Answer 13

newts

Question 14

Males produce a pyramidal, gelatinous _____ that is capped with sperm and deposited on the substrate. Females pick up the sperm cap with the cloaca and store the sperm in a special pouch, the ______

Answer 14

spermatophore
spermatheca.

Question 15

Many other salamanders undergo incomplete metamorphosis and are _____

Answer 15

paedomorphic .

Question 16

_____ are divided into two genera in the family Proteidae.
They are found throughout North America and Europe (one species) and spend their entire lives underwater.
They exchange respiratory gases through their gills, which they retain as adults from the larval stage, and across their skin.
They prefer slowmoving streams and shallow lakes, where they feed on crayfish, snails, and insect larvae.

Answer 16

Mudpuppies

Question 17

(Gr. a, without + oura, tail)

Answer 17

Anura

Question 18

live in most moist environments, except in high latitudes and on some oceanic islands. A few even occur in very dry deserts.

Answer 18

Anurans

Question 19

Adults lack tails, and caudal (tail) vertebrae fuse into a rodlike structure called the

Answer 19

urostyle

Question 20

____ usually refers to anurans with relatively dry and warty skin that are more terrestrial than other members of the order. True toads belong to the family Bufonidae

_____ have relatively smooth skin and prefer more aquatic habitats. True frogs belong to the family Ranidae.

Answer 20

Toad
Frogs

Question 21

In amphibians, The skeleton is divided into four regions: ____, trunk, ____, and caudal.

Answer 21

cervical; sacral

Question 22

The first vertebra is a ___vertebra (moves against the back of the skull and allows the head to nod vertically).
The last trunk vertebra is a ____ vertebra (anchors the pelvic girdle to the vertebral column to provide increased support)
A ventral plate of bone called ___ (present in the anterior ventral trunk region which supports the forelimbs and protects internal organs–reduced or absent in Anura).

Answer 22

cervical
sacral
sternum

Question 23

Interlocking processes, called _____, prevent twisting between vertebrae

Answer 23

zygapophyses

Question 24

Locomotion:

____move by a pattern of limb and body movements in which the alternate movements of appendages result from muscle contractions that throw the body into a curve to advance the stride of a limb.

____have an accordion-like movement in which the adjacent body parts push or pull forward at the same time.

____have long hind limbs and the pelvic girdle are modified for jumping.

Answer 24

SALAMANDERS…
CAECILIANS…
ANURANS…

Question 25

There are _____ present in the epidermis and dermis of their skin that are responsible for skin color and color changes (EXAMPLE: cryptic coloration, aposematic coloration and mimicry).

Answer 25

chromatophore cells

Question 26

The skin of amphibians are _____ (glandular secretions from the granular glands) that secretes toxic to varying degrees [alkaloids, peptides, biogenic amines, and steroids].

Answer 26

highly glandular

Question 27

Skin color and color changes (defense): ____To change the color of their skin to blend into their habitats. ____Giving visual signs of conspicuous markings or bright colors to warn predators of its toxicity and distasteful flavor. ____Mimicking the warning signs of deadly, venomous predators yet being harmless.

Answer 27

cryptic coloration (camouflage) aposematic coloration Mimicry

Question 28

Gas exchange occurs across the_____ of the amphibians.

Answer 28

skin and lungs

Question 29

Amphibians have contractile vessels called ______ that pump fluid through the lymphatic systems.

Answer 29

lymphatic hearts

Question 30

Circulatory system: A ______, usually separates the left and the right side of the heart. This ensures that the blood rich in oxygen (oxygenated blood) does not mix with the blood poor in oxygen or rich in carbon dioxide (deoxygenated blood).

Answer 30

septum, or muscle wall

Question 31

______ plays an important role in prey detection by aquatic salamanders and caecilians. (They locate the prey by sight and simply wait for it to pass by)

Answer 31

Olfaction

Question 32

Amphibians excrete nitrogenous waste products which could either be ammonia or urea. Those that live in FRESHWATER excrete _____ while those that spends more time on LAND excrete __(which can be stored in the urinary bladder unlike ammonia). Some amphibians excrete ammonia when in water and urea when on land.

Answer 32

ammonia; urea

Question 33

Amphibians must conduct _____ which is removing excess water from the body and conserving essential ions.

Answer 33

osmoregulation

Question 34

Some prevent water loss by forming _____ that encase their body during long periods of dormancy

Answer 34

COCOONS

Question 35

The nervous system of amphibians is similar to other vertebrates which develops 3 embryological subdivisions. _____(contains olfactory centers that regulate color change and visceral functions) ______(contains the region of optic tectum that assimilates sensory information and initiates motor responses, this also processes visual sensory information) ______(this functions in motor coordination and in regulating heart rate and the mechanics of respiration)

Answer 35

FOREBRAIN MIDBRAIN HINDBRAIN

Question 36

Reproduction, Development and Metamorphosis ______ help them locate breeding sites and identify potential mates. It also prepares them for reproduction and ensures that eggs are fertilized and deposited in locations that promote successful development. There is a positioning called _____, which is when a male grasps the female (his forelimbs around her waist) so that they are oriented in the same direction and the male is dorsal to the female. During this, the male releases sperm as the female releases eggs.

Answer 36

Courtship behaviours amplexus

Question 37

What is the term used or given to animals with four limbs and feet with toes and fingers? a. Ichthyostega b. Tetrapod/a c. Amphibia d. Lung fishes

Answer 37

b. Tetrapod/a

Question 38

This order of amphibians includes the frogs and toads. a. GYMOPHIONA b. ANURA c. CAUDATA d. NEWTS

Answer 38

b. ANURA

Question 39

What organ or part of amphibians allows them to have a double life in land and water? This must stay moist. a. CLOACA b. SKIN c. LUNGS d. KIDNEY

Answer 39

b. SKIN

Question 40

What order of amphibians are like worm-like burrowers that lack limbs and also have internal fertilization? a. ANURA b. GYMNOPHIONA c. CAUDATA d. NEWTS

Answer 40

b. GYMNOPHIONA

Question 41

Part of an amphibian body where they excrete their waste substances and urine from their body? a. CLOACA b. SKIN c. NOTOCHORD d. KIDNEY

Answer 41

a. CLOACA