amino acids, isomers and glucose

Question 1

anabolic reaction- monomers to polymers (e.g. amino acids to proteins)

catabolic reaction- polymers to monomers

Answer 1

AMINO ACIDS:
     H  H   O
      |    |    ||
H--N--C--C--OH
           |
          R

amine group: NH2
ketone group: C=O
carboxyl group:COOH
hydroxyl group: OH

intramolecular- bonding within a peptide chain
intermolecular- bonding between one chain and another

Question 2

AMINO ACID BONDING:

hydrogen bonds- H and O join together (all proteins)

covalent bonds- S-S sulfur bonds (small number of proteins)

ionic bonds- some amino acids have a carboxyl or amine side group, ionic bonds form when H+ is lost

Answer 2

∙amino acids are either glucogenic or ketogenic

∙glucogenic: catabolism of glucogenic amino-acids produces pyruvate or another intermediate of the krebs cycle
(13 amino acids are glycogenic)

∙ketogenic: catabolism of ketogenic amino acids produces acetyl coA

Question 3

isomers: compounds of the same formula but have a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule + different properties

e.g. glucose contains 6C (hexose)
fructose is also a hexose but contains a ketone group

Answer 3

glucose is joined by a condensation reaction (H20 eliminated)

∙when glucose forms a straight line= 1-4 bonds
∙when glucose is branched= 1-6 bonds