Amino acids (Enzymology 1st partial) Flashcards
Biomolecules
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
Remarks on enzymes
- Biomolecules that catalyze chemical reactions by 10^15 to 10^17 fold
- Almost all enzymes are proteins
- Molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates.
- Enzymes convert them into different molecules, products
- Living systems use enzymes to accelerate and control the rates of vitally important biochemical reactions
What is the earliest known use of enzymes? (Ancient Egypt)
Use of yeast for fermentation of wheat -> Boza
Who made a study of the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeasts? (1800s)
Louis Pasteur
Who was the first to use the term enzyme to describe a process called fermentation? (Late 1800s)
Wilhelm Kühne
Word that is used to refer to chemical activity produced by living organisms… (Late 1800s)
Ferment
Word that was used to refer to nonliving substances (such as pepsin)
Enzyme
Who began to study the ability of yeasts extracts to ferment sugar? (Late 1800s to Early 1900s)
Eduard Buchner
What did Buchner find?
The sugar was fermented even when there were no living yeasts cells in the mixture.
What is the name of the enzyme that brought about the fermentation of sucrose?
Zyamase
Area of applied science related to fermentation that deals with the biochemical processes involved in fermentation, with yeasts and bacteria selection and physiology
Zymology
Who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1907? And for what?
Buchner for his biochemical research and his discovery of cell-free fermentation
Who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1929? And for what?
Arthur Harden and Hans von Euler-Chelpin for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes
Who increase the knowledge about yeast and brewing nowadays?
Danis Carlsberg lab scientists
What is the controversy on 1900s about enzymes?
Many early workers noted that enzymatic activity was associated with proteins, but several scientists argued that proteins were merely carriers for the true enzymes and that proteins per se were incapable of catalysis.
Who showed that the enzyme urease (pure protein) and the enzyme catalase can be crystallized?
James B. Sumner
Who proved that pure proteins can be enzymes?
Northrop and Stanley in 1930
Who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946? And for what?
1) James Batcheller Sumner for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized
2) John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form
Who studied autocatalytic (cuts itself) properties of RNA in 1980s?
Cech
Who was studying the processing of tRNA and isolated and enzyme called RNase P (only natural true ribozyme)?
Altman
Who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989? And for what?
Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA
What is the monomer or L amino acid structure?
- Amino group
- Alpha Carbon
- Side-chain R group
- Alpha carboxylate group
Amino acid classification
- Polarity of side chains (hydrofobicity)
- Basicity or acidity
- Essentials / No essentials
Amino acid nomenclature
- 3 letter codes
- 1 letter codes
What amino acid is not chiral?
Glycine
How many amino acids are created in a synthetic way?
80
How many standard amino acid are they?
20
How many proteinogenic amino acids are they?
22
How many amino acids are produced by natural pathways?
900
How many engineered amino acids have been placed into a protein?
118
Basic amino acids (positive)
- Lysine
- Arginine
- Histidine
Acid amino acids (negative)
- Aspartic acid
- Glutamic acid
Polar (no charged) aminoacids
- Asparagine
- Glutamine
- Serine
- Threonine
- Tyrosine
Non polar amino acids (hydrophobic)
- Alanine
- Valine
- Proline
- Phenylalanine
- Leucine
- Isoleucine
- Methionine
- Tryptophan
- Glycine
- Cysteine
Essential amino acids
- Arginine
- Hystidine
- Isoleucine
- Leucine
- Lysine
- Methionine
- Phenylalanine
- Threonine
- Triptophan
- Valine
