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Biochemistry > Amino Acids - Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Amino Acids - Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

A

An amino acid has a central carbon (α-carbon) bonded to an amino group (-NH₂), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a unique side chain (R group).

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2
Q

What are the two forms of amino acids in biological systems?

A

Amino acids exist in two enantiomeric forms: L-form and D-form. Biological systems predominantly use L-form amino acids.

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3
Q

How is the side chain (R group) of an amino acid important?

A

The side chain (R group) determines the amino acid’s properties, such as its polarity, charge, size, and hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity.

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4
Q

What are the three main classifications of amino acids based on their side chains?

A

Amino acids can be classified as nonpolar (hydrophobic), polar (hydrophilic), and charged (acidic or basic).

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5
Q

List the amino acids with nonpolar, aliphatic side chains.

A

Glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and proline.

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6
Q

Which amino acids contain aromatic side chains?

A

Phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and histidine

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7
Q

What are the amino acids with polar, uncharged side chains?

A

Serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, and cysteine.

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8
Q

Which amino acids are classified as acidic due to their side chains?

A

Aspartate and glutamate

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9
Q

Name the amino acids with basic side chains.

A

Lysine, arginine, and histidine.

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10
Q

What is the significance of the pKa values of the amino and carboxyl groups in amino acids?

A

The pKa values determine the ionization state of the amino acid at different pH levels, influencing its charge and interactions.

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11
Q

What is the concept of isoelectric point (pI) in amino acids?

A

The isoelectric point (pI) is the pH at which an amino acid has no net charge and exists predominantly in its zwitterionic form.

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12
Q

Why are amino acids important to protein structure?

A

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Their sequence and chemical properties determine the protein’s structure and function, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

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13
Q

What is a peptide bond and how is it formed?

A

A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, releasing a molecule of water.

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14
Q

What is the significance of post-translational modifications of amino acids?

A

Post-translational modifications can alter protein function, stability, localization, and interactions, and include processes like phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation.

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15
Q

How do amino acid side chains contribute to enzyme function?

A

Side chains can participate in substrate binding, catalysis, and stabilization of transition states, playing crucial roles in enzyme activity.

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16
Q

Is glycine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophobic, uncharged

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17
Q

Is alanine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophobic, uncharged

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18
Q

Is valine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophobic, uncharged

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19
Q

Is leucine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophobic, uncharged

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20
Q

Is isoleucine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophobic, uncharged

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21
Q

Is methionine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophobic, uncharged

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22
Q

Is phenylalanine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophobic, uncharged

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23
Q

Is tryptophan hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophobic, uncharged

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24
Q

Is proline hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophobic, uncharged

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25
Q

Is serine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophilic, uncharged

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26
Q

Is threonine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophilic, uncharged

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27
Q

Is cysteine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophilic, uncharged

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28
Q

Is tyrosine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophilic, uncharged

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29
Q

Is asparagine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophilic, uncharged

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30
Q

Is glutamine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophilic, uncharged

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31
Q

Is aspartate hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophilic, acidic (charged)

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32
Q

Is glutamate hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophilic, acidic (charged)

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33
Q

Is lysine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophilic, basic (charged)

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34
Q

Is arginine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophilic, basic (charged)

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35
Q

Is histidine hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Is it charged?

A

hydrophilic, basic (charged)

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36
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for alanine?

A

Ala

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37
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for arginine?

A

Arg

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38
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for asparagine?

A

Asn

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39
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for aspartate?

A

Asp

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40
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for cysteine?

A

Cys

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41
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for glutamate?

A

Glu

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42
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for glutamine?

A

Gln

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43
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for glycine?

A

Gly

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44
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for histidine?

A

His

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45
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for isoleucine?

A

Ile

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46
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for leucine?

A

Leu

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47
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for lysine?

A

Lys

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48
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for methionine?

49
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for phenylalanine?

50
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for proline?

51
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for serine?

52
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for threonine?

53
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for tryptophan?

54
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for tyrosine?

55
Q

What is the three-letter abbreviation for valine?

56
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for alanine?

57
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for arginine?

58
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for asparagine?

59
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for aspartate?

60
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for cysteine?

61
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for glutamate?

62
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for glutamine?

63
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for glycine?

64
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for histidine?

65
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for isoleucine?

66
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for leucine?

67
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for lysine?

68
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for methionine?

69
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for phenylalanine?

70
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for proline?

71
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for serine?

72
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for threonine?

73
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for tryptophan?

74
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for tyrosine?

75
Q

What is the one-letter abbreviation for valine?

76
Q

What are the abbreviations for alanine?

77
Q

What are the abbreviations for arginine?

78
Q

What are the abbreviations for asparagine?

79
Q

What are the abbreviations for aspartate?

80
Q

What are the abbreviations for cysteine?

81
Q

What are the abbreviations for glutamate?

82
Q

What are the abbreviations for glutamine?

83
Q

What are the abbreviations for glycine?

84
Q

What are the abbreviations for histidine?

85
Q

What are the abbreviations for isoleucine?

86
Q

What are the abbreviations for leucine?

87
Q

What are the abbreviations for lysine?

88
Q

What are the abbreviations for methionine?

89
Q

What are the abbreviations for phenylalanine?

90
Q

What are the abbreviations for proline?

91
Q

What are the abbreviations for serine?

92
Q

What are the abbreviations for threonine?

93
Q

What are the abbreviations for tryptophan?

94
Q

What are the abbreviations for tyrosine?

95
Q

What are the abbreviations for valine?

96
Q

Which have ionization states influenced by pH?

A

Glutamate
Aspartate
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
Serine
Cysteine
Tyrosine
Threonine

97
Q

List all the charged amino acids.

A

Acidic: glutamate and aspartate
Basic: lysine, histidine, arginine

98
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Glycine
Hydrophobic, uncharged

99
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Alanine
Hydrophobic, uncharged

100
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Valine
Hydrophobic, uncharged

101
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Leucine
Hydrophobic, uncharged

102
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Isoleucine
Hydrophobic, uncharged

103
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Proline
Hydrophobic, uncharged

104
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Methionine
Hydrophobic, uncharged

105
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Phenylalanine
Hydrophobic, uncharged

106
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Tyrosine
Hydrophilic, uncharged

107
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Threonine
Hydrophilic, uncharged

108
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Glutamate
Hydrophilic, acidic

109
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Aspartate
Hydrophilic, acidic

110
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Lysine
Hydrophilic, basic

111
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Histidine
Hydrophilic, basic

112
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Arginine
Hydrophilic, basic

113
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Serine
Hydrophilic, uncharged

114
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Glutamine
Hydrophilic, uncharged

115
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Cysteine
Hydrophilic, uncharged

116
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Asparagine
Hydrophilic, uncharged

117
Q

Which amino acid is this?

A

Tryptophan
Hydrophobic, uncharged

118
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

119
Q

List the essential amino acids.

A

phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, lysine, and leucine

PVT TIM HiLL

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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