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Americas Civil Rights Flashcards

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0
Q

Brown v board of Topeka

A

1954- Linda brown forced to go to school 20 blocks away from her home.
Father said better if she could attend a close white school.
After three years segregation was made illegal.
End to the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’

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1
Q

Sweat v painter

A

1950
Challenges segregation issues in law school.
Herman sweatt wanted to attend law school.
Case taken to supreme court
Desegregated.

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2
Q

What happened to AA’s in America in between 1945-54?

A 
More middle class black people in America
Better understanding.
Loads more cases to Supreme Court
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3
Q

What did the white middle class of south set up?

A

A white citizens council.
For segregation in school
Money fund for white state schools.
Campaigned elections for segragation

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4
Q

How many people were in the white citizens council?

A

1950-250,000 joined

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5
Q

Harry F.Byrd?

A

101 southern congressmen.

For the doctrine of separate but equal.

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6
Q

Brown 2

A

De Jude victory little, de facto change.
‘With all deliberate speed’
Attitudes to desegregation were to vague and slow.
1955

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7
Q

Failures of Brown 2nds case

A

750/6,300 had desegregated.

3% black people in mixed schools.

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8
Q

Black people in segregated school?

A

1958- 58%

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9
Q

Montgomery bus boycott

A

1955-56- black had to give up seats for white people. Front for white back for black.

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10
Q

Rosa parks

A

1 December 1955- didn’t give up seat for a white person

Led to NAACP legal case of challenging segregation

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11
Q

How buses boycotted whilst Montgomery bus boycott?

A

85% there was also car pooling.

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12
Q

Browder v Gayle?

A

1956 segregation of buses took place.

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13
Q

Little rock nine

A

1957- Segregation in Southern states
9 students enrolled in little rock high school-all white
Entry was opposed by Orval fawbus
National guard to prevent entry
3rd sep- No exception at all
Then they successfully got in by military help and Eisenhower’s help. Then graduated.

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14
Q

Greensboro sit-ins?

A

1960

Four local student entered Woolworth’s and sat only at the WHITE ONLY counter

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15
Q

How many people did a sit in in 1961?

A

70,000 black and White took part for segregation in public places.

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16
Q

Significance of sit ins.

A

Brought coverage in media.
Civil rights campaigns spread quickly
Sit ins attacked all aspects of southern segregation.economical power of black people.

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17
Q

Desegregated public places?

A

1961- 810 towns desegregated public places.

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18
Q

Freedom rides?

A

1961-interstate travelling from Washington DC to New Orleans
By CORE
Involved MLK and Robert kennedy.

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19
Q

Albany movement?

A

1961-62
Chief Laurie Pritchett discovered secrets about media attention and denied it.
Police to be kind to protestors, nor racist violence.
KING ARRESTED.

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20
Q

James Meredith and university of Mississippi?

A

First black student in uni of Mississippi
Denied access by Ross Barnett
Kennedy and Supreme Court supported Meredith and Kennedy told Ross to back down.
No protection provided by Ross so James Meredith was facing a mob of violent white protestors.-sent in troops.
Protestors reacted violently killing two people
BUT MEREDITH GRADUATED IN 1963

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21
Q

The Birmingham campaign.

A

Eugene ‘bull’ Connor expected to react violently as he did in gap freedom rides. Good for media.
Birmingham worst Involved in segregation. No black officers,bus drivers,fire fighters or bank workers.
1963

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22
Q

How many registered to vote in Birmingham Alabama?

A

10% of Birmingham black population registered to vote

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23
Q

Who set up the Birmingham campaign?

A

SCLC.

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24
What goals did the Birmingham campaign have?
Desegragation of city's major shopping areas,administrative buildings,schools and public parks. End discrimination in employment.
25
How did Eugene 'bull' Connor respond to the Birmingham campaign 1963?
Took legal action- court injunctions High profile campaigners to avoid negative headlines King jailed! For commiting 'illegal' act 'Letter from Birmingham Jail'- not released till june.
26
Who led the Birmingham campaign 1963?
James Bevel- did this because police would have more shame and it wouldn't have an affect on financial state of families.
27
How many black children were imprisoned whilst the Birmingham campaign?
1300
28
5th May - Decisions?
Reforms on protesters release Large department stores desegregated Discrimination in employment had to end. REASON WAS VIOLENCE AND UNJUST IN BIRMINGHAM CAMPAIGN.3rd May
29
The March on Washington
1963- Pressure on Congress and President to pass a Civil rights bill.
30
How many white protesters in March on Washington?
20% showing unity between black and white community.
31
Mississippi Freedom Summer
1964
32
Target of the Mississippi freedom summer?
Fix voter registration of black majority. | Set up 30 freedom schools across Mississippi teaching about civil rights.
33
Voter registration in Mississippi in 1962?
6.2% adults registered to vote because of state laws.
34
How many white protesters participated in Mississippi freedom summer campaign for voter registration?
800 volunteers.
35
How many schools did SNCC AND CORE form in Mississippi?
30 'Freedom schools'
36
Who was affected by KKK?
Put up tremendous resistance to changes from Mississippi freedom summer. 30 houses of the black people and 37 churches firebombed 80 beatings and 35 shootings took place.
37
How many succeeded in voting in Mississippi after campaign?
1600 AA's
38
Selma campaign
1965- marked tenth anniversary and involved a 50 mile march. SELMA TO MONTGOMERY. 3 attempts.
39
Aim of Selma campaign?
To change registration of vote | But to gain a reaction and media attention
40
How many people were registered to voting in Selma,Alabama?
1%
41
Moynihan report?
1965- stated economical positions of black people. Awareness of black crime and poverty in Ghettos. North de facto segregation of educations and housing.
42
The Chicago freedom movement
10 June1966- Alliance of SCLC and CCCO. Wanted to challenge the de facto segregation of Chicago's education, housing and employment. Through a non violence approach.
43
How many people did MLK expect at the Chicago freedom movement and how many actually came?
Expected 100,000 but 30,000 attended.
44
What was wrong in the black community when the Chicago freedom movement took place?
Heatwave. Led to black people using fire hydrants. They were shut down to preserve water I'm case of fire.RIOT ERRUPTED.
45
Kings experience when commencing with the Chicago freedom movement?
Hatred towards strategy. | Bombarded by rocks my a white mob. Uncontrollable.
46
Outcome of Chicago freedom movement?
Court injunction to restrict future marches. King forced to compromise. Housing tried to resolve issues.Fair housing was still yet ignored.
47
Poor peoples campaign
1968
48
Aim of Poor people campaign 1968?
Tackle social and economic problems. Need for better standard of living and rid of ghettoisation.
49
Method of poor people campaign?
Nationwide civil disobedience Boycotting businesses March on Washington
50
Demands of poor peoples campaigns?
Federal budget of 30 billion to combat poverty. Commitment to full employment Build half a million new houses a year.
51
What support did the poor peoples campaigns have?
From labour unions, religious groups.... Not from President Johnson because of caused demands of Vietnam war.
52
Memphis sanitation workers strike
1968
53
Kings death.
Died 4th April 1968 but made most impact on 1950s-60s.
54
Aim of Memphis sanitation workers strike?
Increase income.
55
Failure of Memphis sanitation workers strike?
Didn't sustain e peaceful approach. Marchers started attacking shops and looting, police used tear gas. Gave a bad name to MLK saying he led a violent protest.
56
Civil rights act of 1957- passed by Eisenhower?
Focused on voting rights of African Americans.
57
Eisenhower's presidency?
1953-61
58
Punishment from civil rights act of prevention of voting rights?
Fine of 1000 dollars of sentence of six months.
59
Eisenhower second civil rights act 1960?
Just reinforced thee extent of monitoring to keep records of voter registration and helped commission to get more involved.
60
How did Eisenhower's civil rights affect voters registration?
1960- Only increase of black voters 3%
61
Leadership of John F.Kennedy?
1961-63
62
Opinions of Kennedy?
Huge supporter of civil rights but slow to act.
63
Presidency of Lyndon B.Johnson?
1963-69 after MLK DEATH.
64
Johnson's civil rights act 1964?
Outlawed any segregation of public places.
65
Johnson's voting rights act of 1965?
Outlawed any voting 'tests' that black Americans were made to do for prevention of vote registration.
66
What other acts did Johnson pass?
Elementary and secondary education act 1965 and higher education Act 1965- increased funding for education. Civil rights act of 1968- Housing act Tried to refer to ghettoisation by avoiding discrimination of house rental or selling.
67
What is the congress?
Body empowered to create nationwide laws
68
1945-1960 Matters of the Congress.
Southern States had a significant voice in congress making it a obstruction to CRM.
69
1964- Supporters within congress
73/100 senators | 289/435 members of House of Representatives voted in favour of civil rights act.
70
Earl warren 1891-1974
For CRM and involved in a series of landmark cases that abolished segregation
71
Browder v Gayle
1956
72
Improvements in education?
Not until 1964.
73
Transport improvements?
Had to be enforced in south.
74
How many southern cities desegregated and when?
214 by end of 1965.
75
How many to vote between 1955-56?
230,000 black people registered to vote.
76
Employment improvements?
25 of 31 states welcomed fair employment. | During 1950's black unemployment was twice national average.
77
Public support for civil rights?
80% for equal rights of employment | 50% in housing.
78
Ten point programme- black panthers.
1. Patrol the pigs- Police under surveillance. | 2. Survival programme- free breakfast,health clinics, liberation schools.
79
Wages in north for AA'S?
50% of pay to white workers to AA's
80
1945-Voting
15% could vote.
81
Unemployed AA's?
1940- 937,000 | 45- 151,000
82
When were KKK most powerful?
1929-45
83
Jim Crow laws
1890-1910 allowed segregation.
84
NAACP?
National association for the advancement of coloured people 1909
85
Fifteenth amendment
Right to vote regardless of colour
86
Fourteenth amendment?
Citizenship rights
87
Rosa parks
1955
88
Plessy v ferguson
Separate but equal
89
Inaugragation ceremony
1949 black and white mixing.
90
To secure these rights
Truman highlighted issues lynching,police brutality, voting rights, discrimination in armed forces, employment and education. Tried to fix them. 1947
91
'For jobs and freedom'
The march on Washington 1963
92
'The ballot or the bullet'
Speech by Malcolm X 1964
93
Housing issues in 1960?
46% AA's in unsound accommodation.
94
'Equality treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race,religion or national origin'
June 1948
95
Elementary and secondary education act
1965
96
Higher education Act
1965- increased funding for education.
97
Successful campaigns rom Martin Luther king
Montgomery bus boycott (1955-56) March on Washington (1963) Poor peoples campaign (1963) Freedom rights (1961) Partly the Birmingham campaign(1961-62) because negotiation was made and protestors were real eased from jail, large department stores desegregated and racial discrimination in employment was to be ended.
98
Johnson presidency
63-68 around when black power started What he did...... Civil rights act 1964- outlawed segregation of any facility or public place. Voting rights act- 1964 prevented all tests that proved the rights to vote Equal pay act 1963 Monhinyan report 1965 Mississippi freedom summer (1964)
99
Purpose of Albany movement
1962-63 End segregation Target Albany,Georgia and protests to end segregation. Chief Laurie prichett new method of denying them media, local police to show respect to protestors, prevent racism at scene. King arrested, Pritchett organised realease to avoid any media attention. What was learnt....... Peaceful protest ineffective Divisions within civil rights movement - SNCC MENTIONS VIOLENCE Campaigns should be more concentrated on an issue and target police chiefs that use more violence.
100
Selma campaign
1965 Black people to vote 1% black adults were registered to vote Jim Clark likely to respond with violence Local police reacted violently to demonstrations using electric cattle prods Murder of 25 year old Jimmie lee Jackson 50 mile march to Selma to Montgomery March stopped three times because of pursued violence Numbers of marchers increased from 8000 to 25000 Extent of support of voting rights campaign

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